Beginners Guide to the Maya Civilization

The Maya Civilization—also called the Mayan civilization—is the general name archaeologists have given to several independent, loosely affiliated city-states who shared cultural heritage in terms of language, customs, dress, artistic style, and material culture. They occupied the central American continent, including the southern parts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, an area of about 150,000 square miles. In general, researchers tend to split the Maya into the Highland and Lowland Maya. By the way, archaeologists prefer to use the term Maya civilization rather than the more common Mayan civilization, leaving Mayan to refer to the language. Highland and Lowland Maya The Maya civilization covered an enormous area with a large variety of environments, economies, and growth of the civilization. Scholars address some of the Maya cultural variations by studying separate issues related to the climate and environment of the region. The Maya Highlands is the southern part of the Maya civilization, including the mountainous region in Mexico (particularly Chiapas state), Guatemala and Honduras. The Maya Lowlands make up the northern segment of the Maya region, including Mexicos Yucatan peninsula, and adjacent parts of Guatemala and Belize. A Pacific coastal piedmont range north of the Soconusco had fertile soils, dense forests and mangrove swamps. The Maya civilization was certainly never an empire, inasmuch as one person never ruled the entire region. During the Classic period, there were several strong kings at Tikal, Calakmul, Caracol and Dos Pilas, but none of them ever conquered the others. Its probably best to think of the Maya as a collection of independent city-states, who shared some ritual and ceremonial practices, some architecture, some cultural objects. The city-states traded with one another, and with the Olmec and Teotihuacan polities (at different times), and they also warred with one another from time to time. Timeline Mesoamerican archaeology is broken up into general sections. The Maya are in general thought to have maintained a cultural continuity between about 500 BC and AD 900, with the Classic Maya  between  250–900 CE. Archaic  before 2500 BCEHunting and gathering  lifestyle prevails.Early Formative  2500–1000 BCEFirst  beans  and  maize agriculture, and people live in isolated farmsteads and hamletsMiddle Formative  1000–400 BCEFirst  monumental architecture, first villages; people switch to full-time agriculture; there is evidence for contacts with the Olmec culture, and, at  Nakbe, the first evidence of  social ranking, beginning about 600–400 BCEImportant sites:  Nakbe,  Chalchuapa,  KaminaljuyuLate Formative  400 BCE–250 CEThe first  massive palaces are built at urban Nakbe and El Mirador, first writing, built road systems and water control, organized trade, and widespread warfareImportant sites: El Mirador,  Nakbe, Cerros, Komchen, Tikal,  KaminaljuyuClassic  250–900 CEWidespread literacy is in evidence, including calendars and lists of royal lineages at Copà ¡n and Tikal. The first dynastic kingdoms arise amid changing p olitical alliances; large palaces and mortuary pyramids are constructed, and a sharp intensification of agriculture. Urban populations peak at about 100 people per square kilometer. Paramount kings and polities rule from Tikal,  Calakmul,  Caracol, and Dos  PilosImportant sites:  Copà ¡n,  Palenque,  Tikal,  Calakmul,  Caracol, Dos Pilas,  Uxmal,  Coba, Dzibilchaltun, Kabah, Labna, SayilPostclassic  900–1500 CESome centers are abandoned and written records stop. The Puuc hill country flourishes and small rural towns prosper near rivers and lakes until the Spanish arrived in 1517Important sites:  Chichà ©n Itzà ¡,  Mayapan, Iximche, Utatlan) Known Kings and Leaders Each independent Maya city had its own set of institutionalized rulers  beginning in the Classic period (250–900 CE). Documentary evidence for the kings and queens has been found on stele and temple wall inscriptions and a few sarcophagi. During the Classic period, each king was generally in charge of a particular city and its supporting region. The area controlled by a specific king might be hundreds or even thousands of square kilometers. The rulers court included palaces, temples and ball courts, and  great plazas, open areas where festivals and other public events were held. Kings were hereditary positions, and, at least after they were dead, the kings were sometimes considered gods. Fairly detailed dynasties of the kings of Palenque, Copà ¡n, and Tikal have been compiled by scholars. Important Facts about the Maya Civilization Population:  There is no complete population estimate, but it must have been in the millions. In the 1600s, the Spanish reported that there were between 600,000–1 million people living in the Yucatan peninsula alone. Each of the larger cities probably had populations in excess of 100,000, but that doesnt count the rural sectors that supported the larger cities. Environment:  The Maya Lowland region below elevations of 2,600 feet is tropical with rainy and dry seasons. There is little exposed water except in lakes in limestone faults, swamps, and  cenotes—natural sinkholes in the limestone that are geologically a result of the  Chicxulub crater  impact. Originally, the area was blanketed with multiple canopied forests  and mixed vegetation. The Highland Maya region includes a string of volcanically-active mountains. Eruptions have dumped rich volcanic ash throughout the region, leading to deep rich soils and obsidian deposits. The climate in the highland is temperate, with rare frost. Upland forests originally were mixed pine and deciduous trees. Writing, Language, and Calendars of the Maya Civilization Mayan language:  The various groups spoke nearly 30 closely related languages and dialects, including the Mayan and Huastec Writing:  The Maya had 800 distinct  hieroglyphs, with the first evidence of language written on stela and walls of buildings beginning ca 300 BCE. Barkcloth paper  codexes  were being used no later than the 1500s, but all but a handful were destroyed by Spanish Calendar:  The so-called long count calendar was invented by Mixe-Zoquean speakers, based on the extant  Mesoamerican Calendar. It was adapted by the classic period Maya ca 200 CE. The earliest inscription in long count among the Maya was made dated 292 CE; and the earliest date listed on the long count calendar is about August 11, 3114 BCE, what the Maya said was the founding date of their civilization. The first dynastic calendars were being used by about 400 BCE Extant written records of the Maya:  Popul Vuh, extant Paris, Madrid, and Dresden  codices, and the papers of  Fray Diego de Landa  called Relacion. Astronomy The Dresden Codex, written during the Late Post Classic/Colonial period (1250–1520), includes astronomical tables on Venus and Mars, on eclipses, on seasons and the movement of the tides. These tables chart the seasons with respect to their civic year, predict solar and lunar eclipses and tracked the motion of the planets. There are a handful of observatories, building to track the movement of the sun, moon, planets, and stars, such as that at  Chichà ©n Itzà ¡. Maya Civilization Ritual Intoxicants:  Chocolate  (Theobroma), balche (fermented honey and an extract from the balche tree); morning glory seeds, pulque (from agave plants),  tobacco, intoxicating enemas,  Maya Blue Sweat baths:  Specialized buildings to create internal sweat baths are known from Piedras Negras, San Antonio,  and Cerà ©n Maya Gods:  What we know of Maya religion is based on writings and drawings on codices or temples. A few of the gods include: God A or Cimi or Cisin (god of death or flatulent one), God B or  Chac, (rain and lightning), God C (sacredness), God D or Itzamna (creator or scribe or learned one), God E (maize), God G (sun), God L (trade or merchant), God K or Kauil, Ixchel or Ix Chel (goddess of fertility), Goddess O or Chac Chel. There are others; and in the Maya pantheon, there are sometimes combined gods, glyphs for two different gods appearing as one glyph. Death and Afterlife:  Ideas about death and the afterlife are little known, but the entry to the underworld was called Xibalba or Place of Fright Mayan Economics See the  Maya Economics  page for information about trade, currency, agriculture, and other economic issues. Maya Politics Warfare:  Some of the Maya cities were fortified (protected by walls or moats), and military themes and battles events are illustrated in Maya art by the Early Classic period. Warrior classes, including some professional warriors, were part of the Maya society. Wars were fought over territory, slaves, to avenge insults, and to establish succession. Weaponry:  Forms of defensive and offensive weapons included axes, clubs, maces, throwing spears, shields, and helmets, and bladed spears Ritual sacrifice:  The Maya did sacrifice objects by throwing them into  cenotes, and Placing them with burials. They also pierced their tongues, earlobes, genitals or other body parts for  blood sacrifice. Animals (mostly jaguars) were sacrificed, as were humans, including  high-ranking  enemy warriors who were captured, tortured and sacrificed Mayan Architecture The first stone steles were carved and erected during the Classic period, and the earliest is from Tikal, where a stele is dated 292 CE. Emblem glyphs signified specific rulers and a specific sign called ahaw is today interpreted as lord. Distinctive architectural styles of the Maya include (but arent limited to) Rio Bec (7th–9th centuries CE, consisting of block masonry palaces with towers and central doorways at sites such as Rio Bec, Hormiguero, Chicanna, and Becan);Chenes (7th–9th c. CE, related to the Rio Bec but without the towers at Hochob Santa rosa Xtampack, Dzibilnocac);  Puuc  (700–950 CE, intricately designed facades and doorjambs at Chichà ©n Itzà ¡,  Uxmal, Sayil, Labna, Kabah); andToltec (or Maya Toltec 950–1250 CE, at  Chichà ©n Itzà ¡. Archaeological Sites of the Maya The best way to learn about the Maya is to go and visit the archaeological ruins. Many of them are open to the public and have museums, guided tours, and bookstores on the sites. You can find Maya archaeological sites in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and in several Mexican states. Belize:  Batsub  Cave,  Colha,  Minanha,  Altun Ha,  Caracol,  Lamanai,  Cahal Pech,  XunantunichEl Salvador:  Chalchuapa,  QuelepaMexico:  El Tajin,  Mayapan,  Cacaxtla,  Bonampak,  Chichà ©n Itzà ¡,  Cobà ¡,  Uxmal,  PalenqueHonduras:  Copan,  Puerto EscondidoGuatemala:  Kaminaljuyu,  La Corona (Site Q),  Nakbe,  Tikal,  Ceibal,  Nakum Spectacles and Spectators: Walking Tour of Maya Plazas. Although when you visit archaeological ruins of the Maya, you generally look at the tall buildings--but a lot  of interesting things are to be learned about the plazas, the big open spaces between the temples and palaces at the major Maya cities.

Does Sunscreen Really Protect You

Getting a little sunshine is important for helping our bodies generate Vitamin D, an important supplement for strong bones, and for regulating our levels of serotonin and tryptamine, neurotransmitters that keep our moods and sleep/wake cycles in order. Like anything, though, too much sun can cause health issues, from sunburns to skin cancer. For those of us who spend more time in the sun than doctors recommend—they suggest staying indoors between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. on sunny days to be safe—sunscreens can be lifesavers. Good Sunscreens Can Help Prevent Sunburn and Skin Cancer Getting too much sun is bad because of ultraviolet radiation, 90 percent of which comes in the form of Ultraviolet A (UVA) rays that are not absorbed by the ozone layer and penetrate deep into our skin. Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays make up the rest. UVB rays are partially absorbed by the ozone layer, which makes preserving the ozone layer crucial for our health. And because UVB rays don’t penetrate our skin as deeply, they can cause those sunburns. Both types of UV rays are thought to cause skin cancer. Do All Sunscreens Protect Your Skin From Ultraviolet Radiation? Yet while most sunscreens block out at least some UVB radiation, many don’t screen UVA rays at all, making their use risky. According to the nonprofit Environmental Working Group (EWG), by far most of the commercially available sunscreens do not provide adequate protection against the sun’s harmful UV radiation and may also contain chemicals with questionable safety records. Many Popular Sunscreens Contain Harmful Chemicals In all, 84 percent of the 831 sunscreens EWG tested were flagged. Many contained potentially harmful chemicals such as benzophenone, homosalate and octyl methoxycinnamate (also called octinoxate), which are known to mimic naturally occurring hormones and can throw the body’s systems out of whack. Some also contained Padimate-0 and parsol 1789 (also known as avobenzone), which are suspected of causing DNA damage when exposed to sunlight. It is important to understand that these chemicals may be harmful at high concentration or when ingested but may be safe when used the way sunscreen should. Perhaps EWGs most important finding is that more than half the sunscreens on the market make questionable product claims about longevity, water resistance, and UV protection. Consumers Need Better Sunscreen Information EWG has called on the U.S. Food Drug Administration (FDA) to establish standards for labeling so consumers have a better idea of what they may be buying. In the meantime, consumers looking to find out how their preferred brand stacks up can check out EWG’s online Skin Deep database, which compares thousands of health and beauty products against environmental and human health standards. Safer Sunscreens Are Now Available The good news is that many companies are now introducing safer sunscreens crafted from plant- and mineral-based ingredients and without chemical additives. Some of the best, according to Skin Deep, are: Alba Botanica Sun’s Fragrance-Free Mineral SunscreenAvalon Baby’s SunscreenBadger’s SPF 30 SunscreenBurt’s Bees’ Chemical-Free SunscreenCalifornia Baby’sJuice Beauty’s Green Apple MoisturizerKabana’s Green Screen Natural foods markets stock many of these. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

The Slaughterhouse By Upton Sinclair And Fast Food Nation...

Over the span of one century, the world has had significant changes to society, such as advancements in transportation, fashion and technology. However, not all industries have had significant advancements in today s modern world. For example, the food industry has been lacking in the basic necessities needed to sustain a safe, humane work environment, especially in the meat industry. Excerpts from The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser elaborately explain the horrible environments inside the factory. Schlosser mainly addresses how unfit the conditions are for the workers, while Sinclair informs the reader of how the animals have been neglected in such poor conditions before death. Despite their differing†¦show more content†¦The fine was $480 for each man’s death.† (Schlosser). That any supervisor who loses a worker on the job has to only pay a compensation fee of $480 is impossible to justify. One especially sad anecdote is that of Kenny Dobbins, an uneducated man, who is repeatedly injured on the job, but keeps going back until he is crippled and permanently disabled. This story speaks the truth of how meat packaging corporations take their workers for granted by using them for everything they have, than discarding them like a dirty rag. Corporations like slaughterhouses do not care about employees getting injured because they know a majority of desperate immigrants would gladly have the morally degrading job. Often, animals’ feelings and well being have been overlooked because society has instilled the idea that animals have no emotions. The Jungle describes animals as being a worker’s project that needs to be completed within a given time limit. After hogs entered Durham’s meat facility, they were chained by the ankles and abruptly tossed around the room; the only audible sound was the â€Å"high squeals and low squeals, grunts, and wails of agony†(Sinclair). The hog s anticipated in fear of what was to happen next, bred to be slaughtered for the greater good of humankind. Sinclair describes the workers carelesslyShow MoreRelatedFast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesmake then at first glance. Eric Schlosser’s book Fast Food Nation delves deep into the intricate workings of the fast food industry to expose mistreatment and cruelty towards workers in the business, just as Upton Sinclair had done in the early 1900’s regarding the meat packing industry. Schlosser is able to bring light to the darkness behind the All-American meal through extensive research and personal confrontations of which he has high regards for. Fast Food Nation is a good literary nonfictionRead MoreSinclair s The Jungle And Schlosser s Fast Food Nation1459 Words   |  6 PagesDespite almost a century separating two publications on the meat industry in the United States, the works of Upton Sinclair and Eric Schlosser contain eerily similar accounts in attempt to expose the dangers behind our food. These shocking revelations exposed by Sinclair and Schlosser have forever changed the way our nation views its food. Sinclair s The Jungle and Schlosser s Fast Food Nation discuss the topics of factory conditions and their safety, prevalence of immigrant workers, the conditionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Upton Sinclair s The Jungle 2028 Words   |  9 Pagesreaction of Upton Sinclair’s ground breaking exposà ©, â€Å"The Jungle†. On February 26, 1906 Sinclair shocked the Nation by exposing the horrors of slaughter houses and meat packing plants. Thousands of people have died from food-borne illnesses. E-coli, along w ith other diseases resulting from filthy food processing was revealed as the murderer. As shocking as it might have been back then, it is even more alarming to find out that conditions have not improved in the last one hundred nine years. Food-borneRead MoreEric Schlossers Fast Food Nation And The Jungle1698 Words   |  7 PagesFast food restaurants exude bright colors, distribute meals with toys, and create a sense of happiness, but what truly goes on behind the scenes of this magical industry? In Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation and Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, the authors use similar rhetorical strategies to reveal the motives and unconventional practices of the food industry. Schlosser conveys his purpose through the utilization of pathos, ethos, anecdotes and imagery as compared to Sinclair who uses historical referencesRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Job Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesIn The Most Dangerous Job excerpted from the book Fast Food Nation, by Eric Sc hlosser, it discusses the issues of the meat packing industry in the early 1900s in the genre of fiction. It describes the factory in a grotesque manner. The meat packing industry was known as having less strict regulations compared to now. The OSHA should have more firm regulations for the meat packing industry and local restaurants. The Most Dangerous Job has a contrast of pathos to ethos and logos, to persuadeRead MoreThe Effects Of Animal Cruelty On The Workplace2140 Words   |  9 Pagesbehavior that causes physical or mental pain to another being. Slaughterhouses are a prime example of human cruelty because slaughterhouse employees are exposed to harsh weather conditions, are around extremely dangerous machinery and work in an unsanitary environment. In a traditional job setting employee cruelty could be classified as gender issues, sexual orientation and racial diversity. However, less traditional jobs such as slaughterhouses their employees are affected by much more radical ways ofRead MoreFast Food Nation2114 Words   |  9 PagesThe story of the fast food industry and its effect on the world is well told in the book Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser. Schlosser makes the claim that, what started out as a special treat for the kids eventually ended up defining a way of life. During a brief period of time, the fast food industry has helped transform not only the American diet, but also our countryside, economy, workforce, and popular culture. The book thoroughly describes how important the two factors of money and power areRead MoreFast Food Industry By Eric Schlosser3535 Words   |  15 PagesEstrella Introduction 1. Eric Schlosser chose the topic of fast food industry because he became quite inspired after reading an article about illegal immigrants in a strawberry field and how they a suffered in the process. The article was based on an investigation that was placed on the fields while they worked. It was also based on the immense impact that this industry had on society. Schlosser wanted to as said in his book â€Å"shed light† to the world on how successful hard working industry works

Euphemisms history, types and examples free essay sample

Introduction The euphemism is a permutation of an agreeable or less violative look in topographic point of one that may pique or propose something unpleasant to the hearer, [ 1 ]or to do it less troublesome for the talker, as in the instance of doublespeak. The deployment of euphemisms is a cardinal facet within the public application of political rightness. It may besides replace a description of something or person to avoid uncovering secret, holy, or sacred names to the naive, or to befog the individuality of the topic of a conversation from possible eavesdroppers. Some euphemisms are intended to divert. Chapter 1. THE HISTORY OF EUPHEMISMS 1.1 Etymology The word euphemism comes from the Grecian word euphemo, intending auspicious/good/fortunate speech/kind which in bend is derived from the Grecian root-words Eu ( # 949 ; # 965 ; ) , good/well + pheme ( # 966 ; # 942 ; # 956 ; # 951 ; ) speech/speaking . The eupheme was originally a word or phrase used in topographic point of a spiritual word or phrase that should non be spoken aloud ; etymologically, the eupheme is the antonym of the blaspheme ( evil-speaking ) . The primary illustration of tabu words necessitating the usage of a euphemism are the indefinable names for a divinity, such as Persephone, Hecate, or Nemesis. Euphemism was itself used as a euphemism by the ancient Greeks, intending to maintain a holy silence ( talking good by non talking at all ) . Historical linguistics has revealed hints of forbidden distortions in many linguistic communications. Several are known to hold occurred in Indo-European linguistic communications, including the original Proto-Indo-European words for bear ( *rtkos ) , wolf ( *wlkwos ) , and cervid ( originally, Hart ; the distortion probably occurred to avoid confusion with bosom ) . In different Indo-germanic linguistic communications, each of these words has a hard etymology because of tabu distortions # 8212 ; a euphemism was substituted for the original, which no longer occurs in the linguistic communication. An illustration is the Slavic root for bear # 8212 ; *medu-ed- , which means honey feeder . One illustration in English is donkey replacing the old Indo-European-derived word buttocks . The word blowball ( lit. , tooth of king of beasts, mentioning to the form of the foliages ) is another illustration, being a replacement for pissenlit, intending wet the bed , a possible mention to the fact that blowball was used as a diuretic. In some linguistic communications of the Pacific, utilizing the name of a asleep head is forbidden. Among autochthonal Australians, it is out to utilize the name, image, or audio-visual recording of the asleep, so that the Australian Broadcasting Corporation now publishes a warning to autochthonal Australians when utilizing names, images or audio-visual recordings of people who have died. [ 2 ] Since people are frequently named after mundane things, this leads to the Swift development of euphemisms. These linguistic communications have a really high rate of vocabulary alteration. [ 3 ] In a similar mode, classical Chinese texts were expected to avoid utilizing characters contained within the name of the presently governing emperor as a mark of regard. In these cases, the relevant ideogram were replaced by equivalent word. While this pattern creates an extra furrow for anyone trying to read or interpret texts from the classical period, it does supply a reasonably accurate agencies of dating the paperss under consideration. The common names of illicit drugs, and the workss used to obtain them, frequently undergo a procedure similar to taboo distortion, because new footings are devised in order to discourse them in secret in the presence of others. This procedure frequently occurs in English ( e.g. velocity or grouch for Methedrine ) . It occurs even more in Spanish, e.g. the distortion of names for hemp: mota ( lit. , something which moves on the black market ) , replacing grifa ( lit. , something coarse to the touch ) , replacing marijuana ( a female personal name, Mar # 237 ; a Juana ) , replacing ca # 241 ; amo ( the original Spanish name for the works, derived from the Latin genus name Cannabis ) . All four of these names are still used in assorted parts of the Hispanophone universe, although ca # 241 ; amo ironically has the least underworld intension, and is frequently used to depict industrial hemp, or legitimate medically-prescribed hemp. 1.2 History of euphemisms in English A great figure of euphemisms in English came from words with Latin roots. Farb ( 1974 ) writes that after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066: the community began to do a differentiation between a genteel and an obscene vocabulary, between the Latinate words of the upper category and the lustful Anglo-Saxon of the lower. That is why a duchess perspired and expectorated and menstruated while a kitchen amah sweated and spat and bled. In the good old ( read over the hill, chronologically-gifted ) yearss of the English linguistic communication, there was a eye-popping sum of delicious doubletalk non to advert a handful of merely screaming grips as seen below: brandy referred to as Gallic Cream by time-enhanced tabbies and dowager duchesses who added it to their tea ( dirt stock ) knee pantss bumfiddles, galligaskins, inexpressibles beer maker Brother of the Bung constable bus-napper coachman Brother of the Whip trader in fruit costard trader eggs cackling flatuss pes male child catch flatus footman bone chooser violinist gut scraper or tormenter of cat intestine indigent Gentleman of Three Outs, i.e. without money, without humor, and without manners match-maker cheek agent curate autem roarer who conducts his personal businesss in an autem cacle bath ( church meeting hall ) procurer Brother of the Gusset traffic circle narrative or manner circumbendibus salesman s store Bow-Wow Shop ( because the servant barks and the maestro bites ) Sargeant At Arms Brother of the Coif headmaster bum brusher shoe-making the art of gentle trade tea cat lap, dirt stock mortician embalming sawbones upholsterer entomologist married woman comfy importance 1.3 Euphemism treadmill Euphemisms frequently evolve over clip into forbidden words themselves, through a procedure described by W.V.O. Quine, and more late dubbed the euphemism treadmill by Steven Pinker. ( californium. Gresham s Law in economic sciences ) . This is the well-known lingual procedure known as pejoration or semantic alteration . Wordss originally intended as euphemisms may lose their inoffensive value, geting the negative intensions of their referents. In some instances, they may be used jeeringly and go dysphemisms. For illustration, the term concentration cantonment , to depict cantonments used to restrict civilian members of the Boer community in stopping point ( concentrated ) quarters, was used by the British during the Second Boer War, chiefly because it sounded bland and inoffensive. Despite the high decease rates in the British concentration cantonments, the term remained acceptable as a euphemism. However, after the Third Reich used the look to depict its decease cantonments, the term gained tremendous negative intension. Besides, in some versions of English, lavatory room , itself a euphemism, was replaced with bathroom and H2O cupboard , which were replaced with public toilet and W.C. These are besides illustrations of euphemisms which are geographically concentrated: the term public toilet is seldom used outside of the United States and W.C. , where before it was rather popular in Britain, is go throughing out of favour and going more popular in France and is the polite term of pick in Germany. Intensions easy change over clip. Idiot , idiot , and idiot were one time impersonal footings for a developmentally delayed grownup of yearling, preschool, and primary school mental ages, severally. [ 4 ]As with Gresham s jurisprudence, negative intensions tend to herd out impersonal 1s, so the phrase mentally retarded was pressed into service to replace them. [ 5 ]Now that, excessively, is considered rude, used normally as an abuse of a individual, thing, or thought. As a consequence, new footings like mentally challenged , with an rational disablement , larning troubles and particular demands have replaced retarded . A similar patterned advance occurred with: square # 8594 ; crippled # 8594 ; handicapped # 8594 ; disabled # 8594 ; physically challenged # 8594 ; otherwise abled although in the instance of crippled the significance has besides broadened ( and hence has been narrowed with adjectives, which themselves have been euphemised ) ; a dyslexic or colorblind individual, for illustration, would non be termed crippled . Even more recent is the usage of person-centric phrases, such as individual ( s ) with disablement, dyslexia, colorblindness, etc. , which ascribe a peculiar status to those antecedently qualified with the aforesaid adjectives. Euphemisms can besides function to recirculate words that have passed out of usage because of negative intension. The word feeble from above, holding faded from the slang, was revitalized as a slang word by and large intending non populating up to outlooks . Connotation of a euphemism can besides be subject-specific. The term disability was in common usage to depict a physical disablement ; it gained common usage in athleticss and games to depict a scoring advantage given to a participant who has a disadvantageous standing in ability, and this definition has remained common, even though the term as depicting physical disablement has largely faded from common usage. One exclusion to this is in the United States when denominating handicapped parking infinites for such persons. In the early 1960s, Major League Baseball franchise proprietor and booster Bill Veeck, who was losing portion of a leg, argued against the then-favored euphemism handicapped , stating he preferred crippled because it was simply descriptive and did non transport intensions of restricting one s capableness the manner handicapped ( and all of its subsequent euphemisms ) seemed to make ( Veeck as in Wreck, chapter I m Not Handicapped, I m Crippled ) . Later, comedian George Carlin gave a celebrated soliloquy of how he thought euphemisms can sabotage appropriate attitudes towards serious issues such as the evolving footings depicting the medical job of the cumulative mental injury of soldiers in high emphasis state of affairss: [ 6 ] shell daze ( World War I ) # 8594 ; conflict weariness ( World War II ) # 8594 ; operational exhaustion ( Korean War ) # 8594 ; posttraumatic emphasis upset ( Vietnam War ) He contended that, as the name of the status became more complicated and apparently arcane, sick persons of this status have been taken less earnestly as people with a serious unwellness, and were given poorer intervention as a consequence. He besides contended that Vietnam veterans would hold received the proper attention and attending they needed were the status still called shell daze . In the same modus operandi, he echoed Bill Veeck s sentiment that crippled was a absolutely valid term ( and noted that early English interlingual renditions of the Bible seemed to hold no scruples about stating that Jesus healed the cripples ) . A complementary dysphemism treadmill exists, but is more seldom observed. One modern illustration is the word scumbag, which was originally a mention to a used rubber, now is a reasonably mild name. [ 7 ]This is in blunt contrast to the related term douchebag, which is still semi-common but has a much more negative intension. [ commendation needed ] Similarly, spastic was one time a impersonal form of a sick person of muscular hypertonicity in British English. But after Joey Deacon appeared on UK kids s Television programme Blue Peter, kids began to utilize spastic ( and discrepancies such as spaz and spacker ) as an abuse and the term is now seen as really violative. The Spastics Society changed their name to Scope in 1994 ; kids so began to utilize Scoper as a similar abuse. While the term was developing into an abuse in British English, it was germinating in a radically different manner in American English. In the U.S. , spastic became a nonoffensive equivalent word for awkwardness, whether physical or mental, and nerdiness, and is really frequently used in a self-deprecating mode. The difference between the British and American intensions of spastic was starkly shown in 2006 when golf great Tiger Woods used spaz to depict his seting in that twelvemonth s Masters. The comment went wholly unnoticed in America, bu t caused a major tumult in the UK. In his comments on the ever-changing London slang, made in Down and Out in Paris and London, George Orwell mentioned both the euphemism treadmill and the dysphemism treadmill. He did non utilize these now-established footings, but observed and commented on the several procedures every bit early as in 1933. Chapter 2. THE Euphemism: ITS USAGE, CLASSIFICATION AND OTHER PECULIARITIES 2.1 Use of euphemisms When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it frequently becomes a metaphor whose actual significance is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to conceal unpleasant or upseting thoughts, even when the actual term for them is non needfully violative. This type of euphemism is used in public dealingss and political relations, where it is sometimes called doublespeak. Sometimes, utilizing euphemisms is equated to politeness. There are besides superstitious euphemisms, based ( consciously or subconsciously ) on the thought that words have the power to convey bad luck ( for illustration, non talking the word autism ; see etymology and common illustrations below ) , and there are spiritual euphemisms, based on the thought that some words are holy, or that some words are spiritually endangering ( tabu ; see etymology ) . 2.2 Categorization Many euphemisms fall into one or more of these classs: # 183 ; Footings of foreign and/or proficient beginning ( derri # 232 ; rhenium, sexual intercourse, perspire, urinate, security breach, mierda de toro, contraceptive, fecal matters occur, shei # 223 ; T ) # 183 ; Abbreviations ( GD for goddamn, SOB for boy of a bitch, BS for Irish bull, TS for tough crap, SOL for denouncing out of fortune or PDQ for reasonably darn ( erectile dysfunction ) quick, [ 8 ]BFD for large screw trade, MOFO for asshole , POS for piece of crap, STFU or STHU for closing the fuck/hell up, RTFM for read the sleep togethering manual /restart the screw machine ) o Abbreviations utilizing a spelling alphabet, particularly in military contexts ( Charlie Foxtrot for Cluster screw , Whiskey Tango Foxtrot Oscar for What the screw, over? , Bravo Sierra for Irish bull # 8212 ; See Military slang ) O Plaies on abbreviations ( H-e-double hockey sticks for snake pit , a-double serpents or a-double-dollar-signs for buttocks , Sugar Honey Iced Tea for crap , bee with an scabies or enchantress with a capital B for bitch , catch ( or see ) you following Tuesday ( or Thursday ) for bitch ) O Use in largely clinical scenes ( PITA for hurting in the buttocks patient ) o Abbreviations for phrases that are non otherwise common ( PEBKAC for Problem Exists Between Keyboard And Chair , ID Ten T Error or ID-10T Error for Idiot , TOBAS for Take Out Back And Shoot , SNAFU for Situation Normal: All Fucked Up ) # 183 ; Abstractions and ambiguities ( it for body waste, the state of affairs for gestation, traveling to the other side for decease, do it or come together in mention a sexual act, tired and emotional for inebriation. ) # 183 ; Indirections ( behind, undergarments, genitalias, live together, travel to the bathroom, kip together, sub-navel activities ) # 183 ; Mispronunciation ( goldarnit, dadgummit, efing degree Celsius ( sleep togethering bitch ) , freakin, be-atch, shoot # 8212 ; See minced curse ) # 183 ; Litotess or reserved understatement ( non precisely thin for fat , non wholly true for lied , non unlike rip offing for an case of rip offing ) # 183 ; Changing nouns to qualifiers ( makes her look slutty for is a slattern , rightist component for Right Wing ) # 183 ; Names, like John Thomas or Willy for phallus, Fanny for vulva ( British ) , etc. # 183 ; Slang, eg. pot for marihuana, laid for sex and so on There is some dissension over whether certain footings are or are non euphemisms. For illustration, sometimes the phrase visually impaired is labeled as a politically right euphemism for blind. However, ocular damage can be a broader term, including, for illustration, people who have partial sight in one oculus, or even those with uncorrected hapless vision, a group that would be excluded by the word blind. There are three antonyms of euphemism: dysphemism, cacophemism, and power word. The first can be either violative or simply humorously deprecating with the 2nd one by and large used more frequently in the sense of something intentionally violative. The last is used chiefly in statements to do a point seem more correct. 2.3 The development of euphemisms Euphemisms may be formed in a figure of ways. Circumlocution or periphrasis is one of the most common # 8212 ; to talk around a given word, connoting it without stating it. Over clip, periphrasiss become recognized as established euphemisms for peculiar words or thoughts. To change the pronunciation or spelling of a tabu word ( such as a swear word ) to organize a euphemism is known as forbidden distortion. There is an amazing figure of forbidden distortions in English, of which many refer to the ill-famed four-letter words. In American English, words which are unacceptable on telecasting, such as screws, may be represented by distortions such as monster # 8212 ; even in kids s sketchs. Some illustrations of riming slang may function the same intent # 8212 ; to name a individual a berk sounds less violative than to name him a bitch, though berk is short for Berkeley Hunt which rhymes with bitch. Bureaucracies such as the armed forces and big corporations often spawn euphemisms of a more calculated nature. Organizations coin doublespeak looks to depict obnoxious actions in footings that seem impersonal or unoffending. For illustration, a term used in the yesteryear for taint by radioactive isotopes is Sunshine units. [ 9 ] Military organisations kill people, sometimes intentionally and sometimes by error ; in doublespeak, the first may be called neutralizing the mark and the 2nd indirect harm. Violent devastation of non-state enemies may be referred to as mollification. Two common footings when a soldier is by chance killed ( buys the farm ) by their ain side are friendly fire or blue on blue ( BOBbing ) # 8212 ; purchase the farm has its ain interesting history. [ 10 ] Execution is an constituted euphemism mentioning to the act of seting a individual to decease, with or without judicial procedure. It originally referred to the executing, i.e. , the transporting out, of a decease warrant, which is an mandate to a sheriff, prison warden, or other functionary to set a named individual to decease. In legal use, executing can still mention to the transporting out of other types of orders ; for illustration, in U.S. legal use, a writ of executing is a way to implement a civil money judgement by prehending belongings. Likewise, deadly injection itself may be considered a euphemism for seting the inmate to decease by poisoning. Abortion originally meant premature birth, and came to intend birth before viability. The term abort was extended to intend any sort of premature stoping, such as aborting the launch of a projectile. Euphemisms have developed around the original significance. Abortion, by itself, came to intend induced abortion or elected abortion entirely. Hence the parallel term self-generated abortion, an act of nature , was dropped in favour of the more neutral-sounding abortion. Industrial unpleasantness such as pollution may be toned down to outgassing or overflow # 8212 ; descriptions of physical procedures instead than their detrimental effects. Some of this may merely be the application of precise proficient nomenclature in the topographic point of popular use, but beyond preciseness, the advantage of proficient nomenclature may be its deficiency of emotional undertones and the likeliness the general populace ( at least ab initio ) will non acknowledge it for what it truly is ; the disadvantage being the deficiency of real-life context. Footings like waste and effluent are besides avoided in favour of footings such as by-product, recycling, rescued H2O and wastewater. In the oil industry, oil-based boring claies were merely renamed organic stage boring clay, where organic stage is a euphemism for oil . Chapter 3. THE DIVISION OF THE EUPHEMISMS ACCORDING TO THEIR Meaning 3.1 Euphemisms for the profane Profane words and looks in the English linguistic communication are normally taken from three countries: faith, elimination, and sex. While profanities themselves have been around for centuries, their limited usage in public and by the media has merely easy become socially acceptable, and there are still many looks which can non be used in polite conversation. One vantage point into the current social tolerance of profane linguistic communication is found in the frequence of such linguistic communication on prime-time telecasting. The word darn ( and most other spiritual profanity in the English linguistic communication ) has lost its daze value, and as a effect, euphemisms for it ( e.g. , dang, darn-it ) have taken on a really stodgy feeling. Euphemisms for male onanism such as socking the bishop , waxing the mahimahi , banging the jambon or slaming one out are used frequently among immature people ( or young persons ) to avoid embarrassment in public. Excretory profanity su ch as urine and crap in some instances may be acceptable among informal ( and normally younger ) [ commendation needed ]friends ( while they about are neer acceptable in formal relationships or public usage ) ; euphemisms such as Number One and Number Two may be preferred for usage with kids. Most sexual footings and looks, even proficient 1s, either remain unacceptable for general usage or have undergone extremist rehabilitation. # 183 ; Religious euphemisms Euphemisms for divinities every bit good as for spiritual patterns and artefacts day of the month to the earliest of written records. Protection of sacred names, rites, and constructs from the naive has ever given rise to euphemisms, whether it be for exclusion of foreigners or the keeping of power among choice practicians. Examples from the Egyptians and every other western faith abound. Euphemisms for God and Jesus, such as gosh and g-force, are used by Christians to avoid taking the name of God in a conceited curse, which some believe would go against one of the Ten Commandments. ( Exodus 20 ) When praying, Jews will typically utilize the word Adonai ( my Lord ) . However, when in a conversational scene, this is deemed inappropriate among Jews, and so typically Jews replace the word Adonai with the word HaShem , which literally means, The Name . It is noteworthy that Adonai is itself a word that refers to the Jewish God s name, # 1497 ; # 1492 ; # 1493 ; # 1492 ; or YHWH, the original pronunciation of which is unknown due to a deficiency of vowels. It was translated as Jehovah for some centuries, but bookmans now agree that it was more likely Yahweh. Traditionally, Hebrews have seen the name of God as indefinable and therefore 1 that must non be spoken. Harmonizing to the Torah, when Moses saw the combustion shrub, he asked God, who are you? The reply he heard was, I am that I am . Thus, Jews have for centuries thought that the name of the Almighty is indefinable, because harmonizing to their logic pronouncing it would be tantamount to naming oneself God . [ commendation needed ] Euphemisms for snake pit, damnation, and the Satan, on the other manus, are frequently used to avoid raising the power or pulling the attending of the antagonist. The most celebrated in the latter class is the look what the devils and its discrepancies, which does non mention to the celebrated British author but alternatively was a popular euphemism for Satan in its clip. # 183 ; Excretory euphemisms While urinate and defecate are non euphemisms, they are used about entirely in a clinical sense. The basic Anglo-Saxon words for these maps, urine and crap, are considered coarsenesss and unacceptable in general usage, despite the usage of urine in the King James Bible ( in Isaiah 36:12 and elsewhere ) . The word manure, mentioning to carnal fecal matters used as fertiliser for workss, literally means worked with the custodies ( from the Latin: hand, adult male # 363 ; s # 8212 ; manus ) , touching to the commixture of manure with Earth. Several menagerie market the by-product of elephants and other big herbivores as Zoo Doo or Zoopoop, and there is a trade name of poulet manure available in garden shops under the name Cock-a-Doodle Doo. Besides, a trade name of sheep manure is called Baa Baa Doo. Similarly, the abbreviation BS, or the word bull, frequently replaces the word Irish bull in polite society. ( The term bullshit itself by and large means prevarications or bunk, and non the actual crap of a bull , doing it a dysphemism. ) There are any figure of lengthier circumlocutions for elimination used to pardon oneself from company, such as to pulverize one s nose, to see a adult male about a Canis familiaris ( or Equus caballus ) , to drop the childs off at the pool or to let go of the cocoa sureties ( these looks could really be regarded as dysphemisms ) . Slang looks which are neither peculiarly inoffensive nor offensive, such as take a leak, organize a separate class. In some linguistic communications, assorted other sensitive topics give rise to euphemisms and dysphemisms. In Spanish, one such topic is category and position. The word Se # 241 ; orito is an illustration, although the euphemism treadmill has turned it to a depreciation, at least in Mexico. # 183 ; Sexual euphemisms The Latin term pudendum and the Greek term # 945 ; # 953 ; # 948 ; # 959 ; # 943 ; # 959 ; # 957 ; ( aidoion ) for the genitalias literally mean black thing . Groin, fork, and loins refer to a larger part of the organic structure, but are inoffensive when used to mention to the genitalias. The word masturbate is derived from Latin, the word hand significance manus and the word sturbare intending to sully. In adult narratives, the words rosebud and sea star are frequently used as euphemisms for anus, by and large in the context of anal sex. Sexual intercourse was one time a euphemism derived from the more general term intercourse by itself, which merely meant meeting but now is usually used as a equivalent word for the longer phrase, therefore doing the town of Intercourse, Pennsylvania, a topic of gags in modern use. The baseball metaphors for sex are possibly the most celebrated and widely-used set of polite euphemisms for sex and relationship behaviour in the U.S. The metaphors encompass footings like hitting it off for a good start to relationship, Striking out for being luckless with a love involvement, and running the bases for come oning sexually in a relationship. The bases themselves, from first to third, stand for assorted degrees of sexual activity from Gallic snoging to petting , itself a euphemism for manual venereal stimulation, all of which is short of hiting or approaching place , sexual intercourse. Hiting a place tally describes sex during the first day of the month, batting both ways ( besides switch-hitting ) or batting for the other squad describes androgyny or homosexualism severally, and larceny bases refers to originating new degrees of sexual contact without invitation. Baseball-related euphemisms besides abound for the equipment ; Bat and ball s are a common mention to the male genital organ, while glove or mitt can mention to the female anatomy. There are many euphemisms for birth control devices, sometimes even propagated by the makers: Condoms are known as gum elastics , sheaths , love baseball mitts , plunging suits , waterproofs , Rebels ( in Ireland and to a lesser grade Britain ) etc. The birth control pill is known merely as The Pill , and other methods of birth control are besides given generalised euphemisms like The Patch , The Sponge , Shots , etc. There are besides many euphemisms for menses, such as holding the painters in , being on the shred , winging the flag ( originally a euphemism for hanging out the bedsheet after a nuptials dark as a testament to the adult female s virginity ) , or it merely being that clip of the month , Munster playing at place ( Irish ) . Euphemisms are besides common in mention to sexual orientations and life styles. For illustration in the film Closer the character played by Jude Law uses the euphemism He valued his privateness for being homosexual. As an aside, the usage of euphemisms for sexual activity has grown under the force per unit area of recent opinions by the Federal Communications Commission sing what constitutes nice on-air broadcast address. The FCC included many good known euphemisms in its lists of banned footings but indicated that even new and unknown mintages might be considered indecorous one time it became clear what they referenced. George Carlin s Seven Words You Ca nt Say On Television evolved into the Incomplete List of Impolite Words , available in text and audio signifier, and contains 100s of euphemisms and dysphemisms to genitalia, the act of holding sex, assorted signifiers of sex, sexual orientations, etc. that have all become excessively dyslogistic for polite conversation, including such luminaries as acquiring your pole varnished and eating the tuna greaser . Carlin besides did a spot on the utilizations of the word screw , originally merely a dysphemism for the sex act but going an adverb, adjectival, noun, etc. This diverseness is besides mentioned on in the film The Boondock Saints after the chief characters commit a mass slaying of foremans followed by a violent gag on a friend who is in the Mafia. # 183 ; Euphemisms mentioning to profanity itself In the Spanish linguistic communication, words that mean swear word are used as exclaimings in stead of an existent swear word. The Spanish word maldici # 243 ; Ns, literally intending expletive or bad word , is on occasion used as an ejaculation of plaint or choler, to replace any of several Spanish profanities that would otherwise be used in that same context. The same is true in Italian with the word maledizione. In Greek, the word # 954 ; # 945 ; # 964 ; # 940 ; # 961 ; # 945 ; expletive is found, although # 946 ; # 961 ; # 953 ; # 963 ; # 953 ; # 940 ; , from # 973 ; # 946 ; # 961 ; # 953 ; # 962 ; ( hubris ) is more normally used, and in English ( particularly British use ) , an exclaiming that is used in a similar manner is curse s. The stereotypic Hazards of Pauline silent movie might hold the scoundrel binding his victim to a railway path. When the hero rescues the heroine, the card might state, Curses! Foiled once more! in topographic point of whatever cussing the character presumptively uttered. # 183 ; Euphemisms for decease and slaying The English linguistic communication contains legion euphemisms related to deceasing, decease, entombment, and the people and topographic points which deal with decease. The pattern of utilizing euphemisms for decease is likely to hold originated with the charming belief that to talk the word decease was to ask for decease ; where to pull Death s attending is the ultimate bad luck # 8212 ; a common theory holds that decease is a tabu topic in most English-speaking civilizations for exactly this ground. It may be said that one is non dying, but melting rapidly because the terminal is close. Peoples who have died are referred to as holding passed off or passed or departed. Kick the pail seems innocuous plenty until one considers that such might be fatal if such removes a platitude base that prevents a self-destructive hanging. Deceased is a euphemism for dead , and sometimes the asleep is said to hold gone to a better topographic point, but this is used chiefly among the spiritu al with a construct of Heaven. Was taken to Jesus implies salvation specifically for Christians, but met his shaper may connote some judgement, content implied or unknown, by God. Some Christians frequently use phrases such as gone to be with the Lord or called to higher service ( this latter look being peculiarly prevalent in the Salvation Army ) or graduated to show their belief that physical decease is non the terminal, but the beginning of the Fuller realisation of salvation. Orthodox Christians frequently use the euphemism fallen asleep or fallen asleep in the Lord, which reflects Orthodox beliefs refering decease and Resurrection. The dead organic structure entices many euphemisms, some polite and some profane, every bit good as dysphemisms such as worm nutrient, or dead meat. Modern riming slang contains the look brown staff of life. The cadaver was one time referred to as the shroud ( or house or tenement ) of clay, and modern funerary workers use footings such as the loved one ( rubric of a novel about Hollywood morticians by Evelyn Waugh ) or the beloved departed. ( They themselves have given up the euphemism funeral manager for grief healer, and keep agreement conferences with relations. ) Among themselves, mortuary technicians frequently refer to the cadaver as the client. A late dead individual may be referred to as the late John Doe . The term graveyard for cemetery is a adoption from Greek, where it was a euphemism, literally intending sleeping topographic point . The term project for burial is so well-established that most people do non even acknowledge it as a euphemism. In fact, project has taken on a negative intension, as morticians have a oblique repute. Contemporary euphemisms and dysphemisms for decease tend to be rather colourful, and person who has died is said to hold passed off, passed on, checked out, seize with teeth the large one, kicked the pail, seize with teeth the dust, popped their getas, pegged it, carked it, turned their toes up, bought the farm, cashed in their french friess, fallen off their perch, croaked, given up the shade ( originally a more respectful term, californium. the decease of Jesus as translated in the King James Version of the Bible Mark 15:37 ) , gone south, gone west, gone to California, shuffled off this mortal spiral ( from William Shakespeare s Hamlet ) , Run down the drape and joined the Choir Invisible, or assumed room temperature ( really a dysphemism in usage among mortuary technicians ) . When buried, they may be said to be forcing up daisies, kiping the large slumber, taking a soil sleep, look intoing out the grass from underneath or six pess under. There are 100s of such looks in usage. ( Old Burma-Shave jangle: If daisies are your favourite flower, maintain pushin # 8217 ; up those stat mis per hr! ) In Edwin Muir s The Horses a euphemism is used to demo the riddance of the human race The seven yearss war that put the universe to kip. Euthanasia besides attracts euphemisms. One may set one out of one s wretchedness, put one to kip, or have one put down, the latter two phrases being used chiefly with Canis familiariss, cats, and Equus caballuss who are being or have been euthanized by a veterinarian. ( These footings are non normally applied to worlds, because both medical moralss and jurisprudence deprecate mercy killing. ) In fact, Dr. Bernard Nathanson has pointed out that the word mercy killing itself is a euphemism, being Grecian for good decease . Some euphemisms for killing are neither respectful nor playful, but alternatively clinical and degage, including terminate, wet work, to take attention of one, to make them in, to off, or to take them out. To cut loose or open up on person or something means to hit at with every available arm . Gangland euphemisms for slaying include whack, rub out, hit, take him for a drive, or put him in cement boots or put him in a concrete greatcoat , the latter two connoting disposal in deep H2O, if so alive by submerging ; the agreement for a violent death may be a simple contract , which suggests a normal dealing of concern. One of the most ill-famed euphemisms in history was the German term Endl # 246 ; Sung, often translated in English as Concluding Solution as if it were the effect of a bureaucratic determination or even an academic exercising alternatively of a systematic program for race murder. Some dysphemisms, particularly for decease are euphemisms or dysphemisms for other unpleasant events and therefore are unpleasant in their actual significance, used to generalise a bad event. Having your buttocks handed to you , left for the rats , toasted , roasted , burned , pounded , set over the barrel , screwed over or other footings normally describe decease or the province of at hand decease, but besides are common in depicting licking of any sort such as a demeaning loss in a athletics or picture game, being below the belt treated or cast aside in concern personal businesss, being severely beaten in a battle, and similar. Such an executing device as the electric chair has been known as Old Sparky or Yellow Mama , and the device that delivers deadly chemicals to the condemned in a deadly injection is reduced to the acerate leaf . To end with bias by and large means to stop one s employment without possibility of rehire ( as opposed to put off, where the individual can anticipate rehire if concern picks up ) , but the related term to end with utmost bias now normally means to kill. The adjectival extreme may on occasion be omitted. In a celebrated line from the film Apocalypse Now, Captain Willard is told to end Colonel Kurtz s committee with utmost bias . An acronym, TWEP has been coined from this phrase, which can be used as a verb: He was TWEPed/TWEPped. The Dead Parrot Sketch from Monty Python s Flying Circus contains an extended list of euphemisms for decease, mentioning to the deceased parrot that the character played by John Cleese had purchased. The popularity of the study has itself increased the popularity of some of these euphemisms # 8212 ; so, it has introduced another euphemism for decease, pining for the fiords # 8212 ; although in the study that phrase was used by the store proprietor to asseverate that the parrot was non dead, but was simply quiet and brooding. A similar transition occurs near the beginning of The Twelve Chairs, where Bezenchuk, the mortician, astonishes Vorobyaninov with his categorization of people by the euphemisms used to talk of their deceases. The game Dungeon Siege contains many euphemisms for decease every bit good. Likewise the videogame Secret of Mana uses the phrase sees the harvester to intend decease. Besides, a scene in the movie Patch Adams features Patch ( Robin Williams ) dressed in an angel costume, reading out assorted equivalent word and euphemisms for the phrase to decease to a adult male death of malignant neoplastic disease. This evolves into a competition between the two work forces to see who can come up with more, and better, euphemisms, stoping when Spot comes up with and if we bury you ass up, we ll hold a topographic point to park my motorcycle. The name of the small town of Ban Grong Greng in Thailand is a euphemism for Death Village. It literally means the Village of the Dreaded Gong. It is so named because it is the place to Wat Grong Greng ( temple of the awful tam-tam ) at which the combustion of organic structures at funerals is preceded by the whipping of a tam-tam. 3.2 Euphemisms in occupation rubrics Euphemisms are common in occupation rubrics ; some occupations have complicated rubrics that make them sound more impressive than the common names would connote, such as CPA in topographic point of auto parking attender. Many of these euphemisms may include words such as applied scientist, though in fact the people who do the occupation are non accredited in technology. Extreme instances, such as sanitation applied scientist for janitor, or transparent-wall care officer for window cleansing agent, are cited humorously more frequently than they are used earnestly. Another illustration is Henny Youngman s gag that his brother-in-law claimed to be a diamond cutter # 8212 ; his occupation was to cut down the lawn at Yankee Stadium. Less utmost instances, such as keeper for janitor or administrative helper for secretary, are considered more footings of regard than euphemisms. Where the work itself is seen as unsavory, a euphemism may be used, for illustration rodent officer for a di sinfestation officer, or cemetery secret agent for a gravedigger. In the British comedy series Yes, Minister episode The Skeleton in the Cupboard, the civil service in general and Bernard in peculiar refers to civil service disinfestation officers as environmental wellness officers 3.3 Common illustrations Other common euphemisms include: # 183 ; acquiring smashed or hammered alternatively of drinking or being rummy # 183 ; large, downy, full-figured or heavy-set alternatively of fat # 183 ; lost their lives for were killed # 183 ; health for benefits and interventions that tend to merely be used in times of illness # 183 ; public toilet for lavatory room in American English ( the word lavatory was itself originally a euphemism ) # 183 ; a love of musical theater, visible radiation in the idlers, good manner sense or confirmed unmarried man for male homosexualism # 183 ; adult female in reasonable places for sapphic # 183 ; moving like coneies, doing love to, acquiring it on, brash clip, making it, doing the animal with two dorsums, or kiping with for holding sex with # 183 ; healthful landfill for refuse shit ( and a impermanent refuse shit is a transportation station ) , besides frequently called a Civic Amenity in the UK # 183 ; unadvised for really hapless or bad # 183 ; an enteric release of force per unit area for flatus # 183 ; pre-owned vehicles or even pre-loved for used autos # 183 ; motive for payoff # 183 ; a pupil being held back a class degree for holding failed or flunked the class degree # 183 ; correctional installation for prison # 183 ; equal prep aid or comparing replies for rip offing # 183 ; the North of Ireland for Northern Ireland, which is seen by many Irish people as a term imposed by the British and hence a profanity ; nevertheless, stating the North of Ireland may be chiefly a manner of placing oneself with the Irish Nationalist cause, instead than a euphemism # 183 ; the large C for malignant neoplastic disease ( in add-on, some people whisper the word when they say it in public, and physicians euphemistically use proficient nomenclature when discoursing malignant neoplastic disease in forepart of patients, e.g. , c.a. or neoplasia / neoplastic procedure , carcinoma for tumour ) ; euphemisms for malignant neoplastic disease are used even more so in the Netherlands, because the Dutch word for malignant neoplastic disease can be used as a expletive word # 183 ; bathroom tissue, t.p. , or bath tissue for lavatory paper ( normally used by toilet paper makers ) # 183 ; custodian or caretaker for janitor ( Besides originally a euphemism # 8212 ; in Latin, it means doorman. In the British Secret Service, it may still transport the ancient significance. It does in the novels of John le Carr # 233 ; . ) # 183 ; sanitation worker ( or, sardonically, sanitation officer or sanitation applied scientist ) , or garbologist, for bin adult male or garbage adult male # 183 ; economically depressed vicinity or culturally-deprived environment for ghetto or slum # 183 ; force, police action, peace procedure or struggle for war # 183 ; alcohol-related, single-car clang for rummy driver # 183 ; mature or been around the block for old or aged # 183 ; heme or haem ( Americanism ) for blood, frequently used in medical scenes ( terrible haem loss ) . # 183 ; enhanced question technique for anguish # 183 ; persuasion for anguish # 183 ; take legal action for Sue # 183 ; fee for mulct # 183 ; bet oning for chancing # 183 ; specific about what one chow for being a finical feeder # 183 ; intellectually challenged for being mentally retarded # 183 ; Before that, mentally retarded for lame minded # 183 ; Before that, lame minded for halfwit # 183 ; grownup amusement, grownup stuff, or pornography for erotica # 183 ; to hold been paid for being fired from or by one s employer # 183 ; to cut surpluss ( in a budget ) for to fire employees # 183 ; legal capital for stated capital # 183 ; gravitationally challenged for clumsy # 183 ; gender reassignment for sex alteration # 183 ; otherwise abled for handicapped # 183 ; chemical dependence for drug dependence # 183 ; dual-diagnosed for holding both mental unwellness and drug jobs # 183 ; co-morbidity for coincident being of related mental and physical wellness issues ( a dysphemism, possibly ) # 183 ; gentlemen s nine for go-go saloon or strip nine # 183 ; birthrate centre for sterility centre # 183 ; mental wellness centre for mental unwellness centre # 183 ; it s snowin down south for your faux pas is demoing # 183 ; vertically-challenged for short # 183 ; experiencing no hurting ( and tonss of others ) for rummy # 183 ; your fly is undone for your nothing is down These lists might propose that most euphemisms are well-known looks. Often euphemisms can be slightly situational ; what might be used as a euphemism in a conversation between two friends might do no sense to a 3rd individual. In this instance, the euphemism is being used as a type of insinuation. At other times, the euphemism is common in some circles ( such as the medical field ) but non others, going a type of slang or, in underworld state of affairss particularly, argot. One such illustration is the line put him in bed with the captain s girl from the popular sea hovel Drunken Sailor. Although this line may sound more like a wages for acquiring rummy to non-seamen, the phrase captain s girl was really a euphemism used among crewmans for the cat O nine dress suits ( itself a euphemism for a sort of whip ) . Magyar Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcs # 225 ; New York, in his controversial address that triggered the 2006 anti-government protests, used a figure of vulgar phrases that were translated euphemistically by the media as screwed up and did non trouble oneself . Euphemisms can besides be used by authoritiess to rename legislative acts to utilize a less violative look. For illustration, in Ontario, Canada, the Disabled Person Parking Permit was renamed to the Accessible Parking License in 2007. [ 11 ] The word euphemism itself can be used as a euphemism. In the alive short It s Grinch Night ( See Dr. Seuss ) , a kid asks to travel to the euphemism, where euphemism is being used as a euphemism for privy. This inoffensive usage of euphemism besides occurred in the drama Who s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? where a character petitions, Martha, will you demo her where we maintain the, uh, euphemism? It is correspondent to the 19th-century usage of undergarments for underpants. Besides, tonss of euphemisms are used in the jury-rigged telecasting show, Whose Line Is It Anyway? . They are used frequently in the game If You Know What I Mean , where participants are given a scene and have to utilize as many obscure clich # 233 ; s and euphemisms as possible. Decision The word euphemism itself can be used as a euphemism. In the alive short It # 8217 ; s Grinch Night ( See Dr. Seuss ) , a kid asks to travel to the euphemism, where euphemism is being used as a euphemism for privy. This inoffensive usage of # 8220 ; euphemism # 8221 ; besides occurred in the drama Who # 8217 ; s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Where a character petitions, # 8220 ; Martha, will you demo her where we maintain the, uh, euphemism? It is correspondent to the 19thcentury usage of undergarments for underpants. Euphemisms are replacements for their equivalent word. Their usage and really being are caused either by societal conventions or by certain psychological factors. Most of them have stylistic intensions in their semantic constructions. One can besides presume that there is a particular inoffensive intension that can be singled out in the semantic construction of each such word. Let me indicate out, excessively, that inoffensive intensions in formal euphemisms are different in # 8220 ; flavour # 8221 ; from those in slang inoffensive replacements. In the first instance they are grave and finely evasive, and in the 2nd rough and slightly misanthropic, reflecting an effort to express joy off an unpleasant fact. Euphemisms ever tend to be a beginning of new formations because after a short period of usage the new term becomes so closely connected with the impression that it turns a word every bit objectionable as earlier equivalent word. And as lingual phenomenon euphemism is needed to be investigated in many facets: in comparing with other linguistic communications, definition of the clip and ground of their visual aspect, finding of use in literary and scientific books. It helps us to acquire information of the universe people. There are stable euphemisms, and are depending on state of affairss. If changeless is a changeless equivalent word of the certain concept situational depends on the contents which at it is put or a context in which it is used. It is possible to apportion besides types euphemism behind characteristics of building. Is one-worded # 8211 ; synonyms # 8211 ; # 171 ; characteristics # 8211 ; crafty # 187 ; , is two-worded and an adjectival # 8211 ; # 171 ; evil spirit # 187 ; . As a consequence of distribution and influences of mass media and different psychological levers on linguistic communication soon building type euphemism will intensively perforate into all domains conversational and a literary linguistic communication. Were particularly strongly distributed inclinations in the English linguistic communication in the USA where advertisement and concern truly without any limitation # 171 ; interruption # 187 ; linguistic communication on the order. Not surprisingly because some American linguists even suggest to separate two linguistic communications: # 171 ; linguistic communication of the facts # 187 ; ( fact linguistic communication ) and # 171 ; linguistic communication of thoughts # 187 ; ( # 1110 ; dea linguistic communication ) . For the transcriber it is really of import to cognize about characteristics of the usage euphemism in linguistic communication right to gauge a function of implied sense, it is exceptional while interpreting publicist stuffs or fiction. List OF LITERATURE 1. Benveniste, # 201 ; stat mi, # 8220 ; Euph # 233 ; mismes ancient and moderns # 8221 ; , in Probl # 232 ; Maines de linguistique g # 233 ; n # 233 ; rattle, vol. 1, pp. 308-314. [ originally published in: Die Sprache, I ( 1949 ) , pp. 116-122 ] 2. Rawson, Hugh, A Dictionary of Euphemism A ; Other Doublespeak, 2nd edition, 1995. 3. R.W. Holder: How Not to State What You Mean: A Dictionary of Euphemism, Oxford University Press, 504 pages, 2003. 4. Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression ( ISSN US ) 5. MsGlone, M.S. , Beck, G. , A ; Pfiester, R.A. ( 2006 ) . Contamination and disguise in euphemisms. Communication Monographs, 73. 6. Smyth, Herbert Weir ( 1920 ) . Grecian Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 678 P. 7. # 1052 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1057 ; . Euphemisms as Linguistic Phenomena in the Sphere of Alcohol, # 1042 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1079 ; # 1053 ; # 1059 ; , # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1092 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; , # 8470 ; 6 ( 105 ) , 2007, c. 169-171. 8. # 1040 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1043 ; . # 1041 ; . , English Lexicology, 7th edition, 1999, 287 P. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipendia.org/wiki/ Euphemism Mentions 1. ^ Euphemism Webster s Online Dictionary. 2. ^ Cultural Protocol # 8212 ; Death in a community Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3. ^ Dyen, Isidore, A. T. James A ; J. W. L. Cole. 1967. Language divergency and estimated word keeping rate. Language 43/1: 150-171. 4. ^ Gould, S.J. , The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton A ; Co, New York, 1996, pp. 188-189. 5. ^ American Heritage Dictionary definition of retarded via answers.com. 6. ^ George Carlin, They re Merely Words, Track 14 on Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics, Atlantic/Wea audio Cadmium, 1990. 7. ^ Random House.com. 8. ^ The Age.com. 9. ^McCool, W.C. ( 1957-02-06 ) , Return of Rongelapese to their Home Island # 8212 ; Note by the Secretary, United States Atomic Energy Commission, hypertext transfer protocol: //worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/A43.PDF, retrieved 2007-11-07. 10. ^ Snopes.com, Buy the Farm . 11. ^ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/vehicle/app.shtml SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL OTHER EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH EUPHEMISMS OTHER WORDS FOR OTHER PLACES There are plentifulness of words for topographic points we need but would wish to avoid in polite conversation: Whorehouse: common bawdry house, house of amusement, house of ill-repute, massage parlour, red-light constitution, ( where littering and loitering are purely prohibited ) . Garbage Shit: Sanitary landfill, municipal garbage pace Jail: hoosgow, keeping unit, secure installation One Room Populating Unit of measurement: alternate lifestyle pick, smart-growth pick, studio suite, efficiency unit, granny suite, transit-oriented immature life style pick Bathroom: ablution hut, boghouse comfort station, garderobe, gentleman s quarters, his and hers , House of Honor, ladies room, toilet, work forces s room, necessarium, topographic point of convenience, topographic point of easiness, porcelain castle, public washroom, pulverization room, toilet, room 100, the toilet, the outhouses, the redorter, throne room, washroom, H2O cupboard, W.C. Aged Adjustment: senior-oriented abode, continum of attention lifestyle community, across-the-board retirement life community, full-service lifestyle abode, assisted-living installation, independent-living installation, health and verve abode RESPONDING TO THE CALL OF NATURE: To pulverize one s nose, to see a adult male about a Canis familiaris, to ice a stone PRETTY NAMES FOR UNPLEASANT REALITIES OF LIFE Neil Postman in his book, Crazy Talk Stupid Talk ( New York, Delacorte Press, 1976 ) , suggests that a euphemism is an elevated term used in topographic point of a earthy term, or an effort to give prettier term to an ugly world. And, speech production of decease and revenue enhancements , American spin physicians have come up with a new term to depict the depredations of war and advanced ways to utilize tax-payers money to reconstruct sandcastles in Iraq as post-kinetic development . So, taking our cue from this learned writer, there are tonss of pretty names one can utilize to depict unpleasant worlds of life such as decease and revenue enhancements . It seems that revenue enhancements are acquiring such a bad blame these yearss that spin-doctors have been working overtime to come up with new fluctuations on one really unpleasant civic responsibility, to subject to taxation otherwise known as the procedure of tweaking the most sum of plumes from a goose with the least sum of hushing. Whoa, allow s observe Tax Free Day ! It is hence non surprising that we have an amusive array of footings for revenue enhancement: entree fees/charges , C footmark parts , civic appraisal fees , direct universal service support , economic inducements , economic stimulation bundles , environmental outwardness factors , impact fees , income shifting options , advanced beginnings of funding , late fees , redistribution of wealth options , redisposition of gross , restructuring of budgets , gross sweetenings , service charges , socially-responsible public investings , societal support subsidies , transportation payments , cosmopolitan service charges , value-added gross chances , and user-fees . As some have suggested, revenue enhancement ( is a legal and compulsory system of professional if non progressive pick-pocketing ) , better known as a fantastic method of robbing Peter to pay Paul . And, when one is kicking about why one s billfold is merely a tad lighter these yearss, merely retrieve what Mark Twain had to state on this affair: The lone difference between a revenue enhancement adult male and a animal stuffer is that the animal stuffer leaves the tegument. A Time-honored TABOO TOPIC Make you fear utilizing the vitamin D word? The topic of unpleasant worlds of life would non be complete without a glance at the time-honoured tabu subject of decease . And, if one wishes to avoid utilizing this five-letter word, there are a myriad of other quaint if non far-out looks from which to take: A arbitrary want of life, ashes to ashes and dust to dust, asleep, assumed room temperature, ate his last supper Bacillus basting the methanal Meleagris gallopavo, be taken, bereft of life, seize with teeth the biscuit, bite the large one, bite the dust, bought the farm, bump [ ed ] off, buried, purchase a pine condo, purchase it C bony, called to a higher topographic point, carked it, cashed in their french friess, cashed out, ceased to be, look into out, look intoing out the grass from underneath, cold, conk, croak, crossed over, crossed the saloon, crossed the River Styx, cut-down, cut-off Calciferol danced the last dance, deceased, dead, dead as a doornail, dead meat, defunct, death, departed, destroyed, diagnostic mishap of high magnitude, soil, soil sleep, disappeared without warning, disincentivized, donated the liver pate, done for Tocopherol eat it, enjoy his/her last dance, enter the sleep room, erased, executed, expended, expired, executive actioned, extinction of the individual F bleached rapidly, failed to carry through his/her health potency, failed to boom, fatally wounded, concluding solution, finished, fragged, fried Gram gathered to his people, acquire your wings, give up the shade, traveling into the fertiliser concern, traveling to the large topographic point in the sky, gone, gone belly-up, gone into the West, gone to a better topographic point, gone to run into their Maker, gone to be with the Lord, gone to kip, got a one-way ticket Hydrogen heaven-bound I in a better topographic point, in Heaven/Hell, in a kinder gentler topographic point, in rest, in his/her box, in the coffin, in the trefoil, in the infinity box, in the grave, in the land, in the morgue, interred Joule joined the choir unseeable, joined the White Buffalo in the sky K kicked the pail, kicked off, killed Liter tardily, left us, lie down with one s male parents, lifeless, liquidated, living-impaired, lost Meter member of the Boot Hill brigade, metabolic procedures are now history, mortified Nitrogen negative patient attention result, neutralized, no longer a factor, no longer with us, no more, inanimate, nonviable Oxygen offed, off the branchlet Phosphorus paid Charon s menu, passed away/on/over, pegged it, perished, for good indisposed, for good out of print, aching for the fiords, popped his/her getas, popped off, promoted to Sub-Terranean Truffle Inspector, forcing up the daisies, put down Roentgen remains, remainder in peace ( R.I.P. ) , returned to the land, sit off into the sundown, rubbed out, run down the drape Second sell the farm, shuffled off the mortal spiral, six-feet under, kiping with the fishes, snuffed, snuff it, snuffed out, sprouted wings, stiff, stone-dead, succombed, suffered an unfortunate bend of events, sustained a curative mishap Thymine taking a soil sleep, taken from us, terminal episode, terminally-inconvenienced, terminated, terminated with utmost bias, that good dark, took his/her last breath, T.U. Toes Up, turn their toes up, turn into a shade Volt VSA Critical Signs Absent Tungsten rolling the Elysian Fieldss, went to the large blue baseball field/shopping promenade in the sky, whacked, with the ascendants, and last but non least, worm nutrient. GENTLE WORDS FOR GENT