Roman Life :: essays research papers

-BREATH-Since a Romans life is very busy and complicated, I picked a couple sub topics for my report. I picked daily meal routines like breakfast, lunch, and dinner, the Forum, Roman school, the public baths, and houses.-BREATH-Most sources say Romans ate three meals a day. The first deuce would be very small. -BREATH-The very poor people would be glad to even enjoy one meal a day. -BREATH-Breakfast, called ienaculum, would consisit of bread dipped in watered down wine. Sometimes a little honey would be used or dates and olives.-BREATH-Lunch, called prandium, if eaten at all, would be made up of fruits, bread, cheese, or leftovers from the anterior night.-BREATH-Dinner, called cena, was the main meal of the day, served in the late afternoon. For the lower class, cena consisted of vegetables and olive oil. For the high class, it would be a seven- human body meal. The typical dinner had three courses.-BREATH-The 1st course, called gustus, was appetizers. Mulsum (MULSUM), wine compou nd with honey, would be served along with salad, eggs, shellfish, mushrooms, etc.-BREATH-The 2nd course, the meat course, or called lena, would provide pork, poultry, fish, animals hunted, or exotic birds served with veggies. -BREATH-The final course, called the secundae mensae or second table was given its pee-pee because at dinner parties, the entire table was removed after the first 2 courses, and a new one was put in its sic for desert. This course had fruits, honey cakes, nuts, and wine.-LONG BREATH-For my next sub topic is the Forum. The Forum was the main marketplace and the buisness center, where the past Romans went to do their banking, trading, clothes shopping, and marketing. -BREATH-It was also a place for public speaking. The ancient Romans were great speakers and loved to talk. They thought the job of an orator was not to argue, but to argue persuasively. People browsing the Forum would stop and listen, then go arse and shop, and maybe leave a sacrifice at a temple or two. -BREATH-The Forum was also used for religous ceremonies and festivals. It was a very busy place-LONG BREATH-My third topic is Roman school. In school, the goal of education in ancient Rome was to be an effective speaker. The school day began before sunrise, as did all work in Rome. Kids brought candles to use until daybreak. There was a rest for lunch and the afternoon siesta, and then back to school until late afternoon.

King Lear :: essays research papers

King Lear EssayShakespe are has written dozens of fills and in each one he has included some of the nearly analyzable characters ever put on stage. Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth are just a few examples of these great characters that will always remain in our memories. However, standing beside the tortuous main characters in plays such as King Lear and Hamlet, there are secondary characters of equal, if not greater complexity. In King Lear, secondary characters such as Edmund, Edgar, and Cordelia are directly responsible many of the extreme changes that occur during the play and it is their complexity as human characters that allows them to do this.The many antagonists that arouse appeared in Shakespeares plays have always been fairly rounded and complex. However, Edmund is one of the most complex villains in any of Shakespeares plays. For one thing, Edmund chose to become a villain because the earthly concern sees him as being worthless, not totally because he is not in line for the title of Earl of Gloucester, but similarly because he is a bastard. Most villains in Shakespeares plays are villains from the beginning to the end. Edmund sees himself as an equal to his brother Edgar and wishes that his sustain also understand this. By plotting against the livelihood against his own father and brother, Edgar not only wishes to gain the wealth and title that come with the Earl of Gloucester, but he also seeks respect. Shakespeare has given Edmund a method behind his madness. As the play progresses, Edmund sees the kingdom collapsing and sort of of helping to put in back together, as Cordelia, Edgar, and Kent are doing, he tries to consolidate power into his own hands. After Cornwall dies, he takes command of the armies and defeats the French invade army. He has illicit affairs with Regan and Goneril, who are married. The result of these affairs causes the deuce sisters to become overwhelming jealous, and in the end, we find out that Regan poisoned Goneri l in order to have Edmund to herself. If Edmund had not been killed in the end, he would have taken power and govern the kingdom. However, Edgar does kill him after realizing that it was he who caused the death of his father. We see the greatest complexity in Edgar before he dies before when he proclaims The wheel comes full draw L am here.King Lear essays research papers King Lear EssayShakespeare has written dozens of plays and in each one he has included some of the most complex characters ever put on stage. Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth are just a few examples of these great characters that will always remain in our memories. However, standing beside the complex main characters in plays such as King Lear and Hamlet, there are secondary characters of equal, if not greater complexity. In King Lear, secondary characters such as Edmund, Edgar, and Cordelia are directly responsible many of the extreme changes that occur during the play and it is their complexity as human character s that allows them to do this.The many antagonists that have appeared in Shakespeares plays have always been fairly rounded and complex. However, Edmund is one of the most complex villains in any of Shakespeares plays. For one thing, Edmund chose to become a villain because the world sees him as being worthless, not only because he is not in line for the title of Earl of Gloucester, but also because he is a bastard. Most villains in Shakespeares plays are villains from the beginning to the end. Edmund sees himself as an equal to his brother Edgar and wishes that his father also understand this. By plotting against the livelihood against his own father and brother, Edgar not only wishes to gain the wealth and title that come with the Earl of Gloucester, but he also seeks respect. Shakespeare has given Edmund a method behind his madness. As the play progresses, Edmund sees the kingdom collapsing and instead of helping to put in back together, as Cordelia, Edgar, and Kent are doing, he tries to consolidate power into his own hands. After Cornwall dies, he takes command of the armies and defeats the French invading army. He has illicit affairs with Regan and Goneril, who are married. The result of these affairs causes the two sisters to become overwhelming jealous, and in the end, we find out that Regan poisoned Goneril in order to have Edmund to herself. If Edmund had not been killed in the end, he would have taken power and ruled the kingdom. However, Edgar does kill him after realizing that it was he who caused the death of his father. We see the greatest complexity in Edgar before he dies before when he proclaims The wheel comes full circle L am here.

Adrienne Richs Of Woman Born †The End of Motherhood Essay -- Adrienn

Of Woman Born The End of Motherhood In Of Woman Born, Adrienne Rich effectively weaves her own story into a convincing account of what it means to become a beget within the bonds of patriarchal culture. Her conclusion that the institution of motherhood, which she distinguishes from motherhood, must be destroyed in order to release the creation and sustenance of life into the same realm of decision, struggle, surprise, imagination, and conscious intelligence, as any other difficult, but freely chosen work is substantiated by her courageous confession that contradicts culturally normative notions of motherhood. Allowing readers to glimpse her own story as she painfully evaluates her role as mother side by side with historical accounts of other womens experiences provides an avenue for understanding that leads to compassion. By the final chapter, instead of falling into the expected trap of revulsion toward Joanne Michulskis atrocious crime, Richs empathy provides the reader with the insight to realize both the complexity of Michulskis situation and to feel comp...

William Cullen Bryant Examines Nature :: Biography Biographies Essays

William Cullen Bryant Examines Nature William Cullen Bryant can very easily be linked to the Transcendentalists. Most of his themes in his writings are concerning the spirit of life and the nature of nature. The Yellow Violet is an example of a poem about the nature of life. The Prairies, on the other hand, is an example of the nature of nature. Though these two poems of Bryants are some(prenominal) about the beautiful world of trees, flowers, and fields, they take on a different perspective of nature itself. The Yellow Violet vividly expresses the nature of life in a very simple way. Bryant takes the cycle of a yellow violet and uses it to describe the humanistic world around him. It is very clever, too, that when he does this, he uses personification. A modest flower (2674) pops out from the dark, damp leaves below and makes the woods of April bright (2675). While the rest of the forests and fields go on with their life cycle this petite flower does its best to make thi ngs pretty and happy. The persona describes this sight as an early smile (2675) and that is what kept a smile on his own face. thus far-off the various blooms and colors that surface in May are not as joyful because when the violet blooms, it is the first color you see after a long winter of gray. This modesty of the meek flower is compared to that of a person. Its usually the poorer, less known people in the world that are the ones who really temperateness you up. They will never let you down. As the persona in the poem points out, So they, who climb to wealth, forget (2675). This is the most important line of the entire poem. It is essentially saying that those who are wrapped up in material things are just th...wrapped up. They are not dependable. Thus, the yellow violet is the modest person, which are far and few, who you can always count on to stand by you in the end and brighten up your day. This is the illustration of the nature of life. The Prairies, however, takes on a micro bit of a different perspective. Instead of using nature as a morality lesson, The Prairies is more of an account of the way of nature.

Alfred Hitchcock :: essays research papers

Films were a great form of entertainment from their debut in the early 1900s and continued to grow more popular over the years. The film fashioning business hit a growth period in the 1920s. In Hollywood, the conference line studio system of producing a movie was changed and refined, and the famous studious that dominate Hollywood production today, such as Universal Studious, were being cat together. Censorship regulations were being formulated for the first time, and Wall Street began to take a more prominent, powerful role in film making. It was the era of piffling silent films that were backed by organists who could play a variety of famous composers such as Beethoven, and Sousa, and who mastered other sound affects for further enhancement of the movie. It was a time when movies came and went quickly and films that had no pretense of being art were make in mass. Nobody ever expected a movie to have an afterlife. They were made only for entertainment and to make money, and wer e considered disposable back then. It took decades to develop movies as a concept of art. During this time of rapid change in the film making business, a certain aspiring director began his dream of working with cinema. Eventually, the talented and mysterious director, Alfred Hitchcock, played a huge part in establishing his and others masterpieces as an art. born(p) on August 13th, 1899, in London, England, Hitchcocks childhood was that of a lower class Roman Catholic child who attended church regularly. His parents were greengrocers, William and Emma Hitchcock. A exigent man, William once told a five year old Albert to go to the police station with a note from his father after some mischief making. Upon version the note, a sergeant put young Alfred in a cell and left him there for ten minutes. The policeman returned only to tell him, This is what happens to naughty boys. This bill and Hitchcocks Roman Catholic background encompassed all the themes Hitchcock would later put in is his work such as terror inflicted upon the unknowing, and sometimes innocent victim guilt, both real and the appearance of it and fear and redemption. He grew up with his older siblings, William and Ellen Kathleen in Leytonstone, part of Londons East End. Fascinated by verse and technology, Hitchcock was educated at the Jesuits St. Ignatius College, a day school for boys.

Alfred Hitchcock :: essays research papers

Films were a great form of entertainment from their debut in the early 1900s and continued to grow more popular over the years. The scoot making business hit a growth period in the 1920s. In Hollywood, the assembly line studio system of producing a movie was changed and refined, and the famous studious that dominate Hollywood production today, such as Universal Studious, were being put together. Censorship regulations were being formulated for the first time, and Wall road began to take a more prominent, powerful role in film making. It was the era of short silent films that were backed by organists who could play a regeneration of famous composers such as Beethoven, and Sousa, and who mastered other sound affects for further enhancement of the movie. It was a time when movies came and went quickly and films that had no pretense of being artistic production were made in mass. Nobody ever expected a movie to have an afterlife. They were made only for entertainment and to make mo ney, and were considered disposable back then. It took decades to scram movies as a concept of art. During this time of rapid change in the film making business, a certain aspiring director began his dream of functional with cinema. Eventually, the talented and mysterious director, Alfred Hitchcock, played a huge part in establishing his and others masterpieces as an art. Born on August 13th, 1899, in London, England, Hitchcocks childhood was that of a lower class Roman Catholic child who attended church regularly. His parents were greengrocers, William and Emma Hitchcock. A strict man, William once told a five year old Albert to go to the police station with a note from his father after some mischief making. Upon reading the note, a sergeant put young Alfred in a cell and left him there for ten minutes. The policeman returned only to tell him, This is what happens to naughty boys. This story and Hitchcocks Roman Catholic background encompassed all the themes Hitchcock would subs equently put in is his work such as terror inflicted upon the unknowing, and sometimes innocent victim guilt, both real and the appearance of it and fear and redemption. He grew up with his older siblings, William and Ellen Kathleen in Leytonstone, part of Londons East End. Fascinated by numbers and technology, Hitchcock was educated at the Jesuits St. Ignatius College, a day school for boys.

Organic food sector

This document is an information report providing a micro and macro instruction environmental analysis of the natural industry. It gives peculiar(prenominal) attention to the European and German commercialize and to the retail industry in break officular. A brief introduction, also stress on the reasons and criteria for the selection of much(prenominal) sector, will be followed by an assessment of the aspects at the micro and macro level that affect the players operating in it. To serve the analysis I will pretend that the writer of the following report is a manager operating in the broader pabulum industry.Since we operate in the fodder retail industry, both nationally (Germany) and on the European level, I suggest, as gross sales director of this company, to consider entering the fundamental branch, since it has been outgrowth steadily in the last 2 decades. organic fertilizer farming potentiometer be regarded as method of production that gives particular attention to environmental protection and animal welfargon, then avoiding the adoption of synthetic chemical means and the production of genetically modified organisms. The industry is highly regulated, requiring producers to acquire special certification to sell goods as organic within given borders.The market has been growing steadily, as suggested above, and is still doing so despite the economic and financial crisis it grew globally by to a greater extent than 25 per cent since the start of the global crisis between 2008 and 2011. According to the latest data (Fill and FOAM, 2013), 37. Million hectares of agricultural land are nowadays organic (they were 11 million lonesome(prenominal) in 1999) and 1. 8 million producers world-wide are reported (from 252 thousand in 2000). The global sales turn in also seen a dramatic increase, climbing by almost 200% in the last 10 years.Although this industry accounts only for 1-2% of the total food production globally, almost 10% of the total food s ales destiny is covered by it. Fig 1 . Organic agricultural land by region, 1999-2010 Despite the number of producers and retailers, as I will explain later in this report, has been increasing year after year in order to cover the high demand for this kind of rodents (mostly driven by concerns virtually private health on one hand and the global environment on the other), I believe there are still good opportunities for aspirant firms to enter at any point of the supply chain this relatively new and steadily expanding market. . Macro environmental analysis The environment where firms operate includes several(prenominal) forces that affect their activity, from the acquisition of resources, through the process of transformation of such input, and finally to the creation of an output. The more external forces (general or contextual, such as political, cultural, social and legal) are the ones influencing the rim in a more general way, as opposed to the operational ones, which affec t the business on a daily basis (Ian and Christ, 2006).In this part I will refer to the external range of influences and observe how these john save an impact on the organic industry. As said, the focus will be on the European market and on Germany, which represents the biggest player in the E area and the second largest globally. Selection of factors To carry out this task I obtain asked my team of analysts to perform a Pestle analysis, which takes into account political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental aspects.It is usually performed by almost e very(prenominal) major and minor organization in order to get an overview of the all scenario of a particular industry or branches of it. Of course the elements considered vary in importance based on the industry and the goods involved. In the organic sectors case, the socio-cultural, political and legal aspects are particularly crucial and the report will give a particular attention to these in additio n, other factors non (directly) included in Pestle but that it is important to mention when analyzing this particular industry, are the demographic and regulative ones.Environmental issues also represent a major concern. 2. 1 Specific macro-factor analysis 2. 1. 1 Political factors These basically represent to what extent the government (local, national or supra- national) intervenes in a particular industry. Demand for bio products and the growing popularity of organic farming within Europe has fostered the development and implementation through the European Commission, The EX. Council and the EX. Parliament of official rules, programmed and plans.This level of action is closely related to the regulatory one, which will be more thoroughly addressed in the section following this one. The most relevant document to mention in this part is the European action plan for organic food and farming, which comprises 21 initiatives in order to develop the market and get better standards by increasing transparency, reliability, baron and consumers trust. Also at the national level many governments have been providing their plans and policies in order to support the growth and efficiency of the organic industry.In Germany, for instance, the range of governmental financial aid in the last decade has increased significantly both through the Federal Government and the Leander the measures are directed both to organic agriculture and to the whole supply chain (Nibbler and Kenneth, 2007). Environmental objectives, as well as the opportunity for rural development, are the main goals of the governments financial, legal and regulatory support for operators dealing in this industry. 2. 1. 2 Legal and regulatory factors The political intervention in the industry is, as discussed, very present and fundamental for its growth.Although it might benefit the overall sector, the high level of laws and regulations represent nonethe slight a potential barrier for new entrants. In 2009 the EX. introduced new regulations regarding the production, control and babbling of organic goods. These put an ever big attention to environmental, animal and consumer protection and health. For instance, food can be sold as organic only if 95% of its ingredients derive from organic agriculture and processing. closed cycles (using internal resources) are favored to open cycles external resources should be limited to natural or naturally obtained materials.Only in exceptional cases, thoroughly evaluated by the European Commission, chemical synthetic resources may be allowed if other suitable alternatives are not available. 2. 1. 3 Economic factors Europe has, according to the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, 25% of the worlds organic farmland, but it represents almost half of the global revenue within organic industry (the American market is still the worlds largest). gross sales of organic products were approximately 21. 5 billion Euros in 2011 (Fill, 2013).The large st market for organic products is Germany, with almost 7 billion Euros (Nielsen and Braun, 2013), followed by the I-J (3 billion Euros), France and Italy (both 2 billion Euros). Fig 2. Sales growth of German market in 2012 The German market grew by 6% in 2012 up to 7. 04 billion Euros, showing a stable Roth and representing 3. 9% of the entire food market the increase in the previous year had been even high (9%), influenced by several food scandals that drove more and more consumers from conventional food to bio products.Fig 3. Sales growth from 2000 to 2012 Fig 4. Organic food sales in Germany (2012) 2. 1. 4 Socio-cultural factors (and demographic ones) A growing number of peck are nowadays more informed, health- and environment- conscious than ever they are thus willing to spend more on healthy natural foods, since there is far-flung public belief that organic food is much safer, more atrocious, and environmental friendlier than conventional food.In any case it is important to n ote that regardless of whether any measured health benefits exist from consumption of organic produce, the public perception of health gains associated with organic produce is undoubtedly influenced by statements that are not (yet) able to be supported by scientific evidence. (Givens, 2008).Demography also plays a very important role in an increasingly aging Europe in Germany (one of the countries with the lowest endure rate), the typical heavy consumer of this kind of rodents is in his mid ass (thus belonging to the generation of the forerunners of the ecological movement in this country) and with a good income level. Young consumers, such as students and entry level workers, tend to opt for more affordable options. The market is slowly opening to 30+ customers, mostly young professionals tippy of a healthy and dynamic life-style. . Micro environmental analysis This section of the report will mainly focus on Porters 5 forces analysis, concentrating the analysis on those factors that can more directly influence the daily activities of a firm operating in the organic industry, affecting its ability to satisfy its customers and make a profit. As the producers scenario is particularly fragmented, the study will give particular attention to the German retail industry and often assume the perspective of the five largest specialiser retail chains operating in it.Three forces relate to horizontal competition, such as the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of established rivals, and the threat of new entrants the deuce remaining forces represent vertical competition the bargaining power of suppliers and the one of customers. . 1 Threat of established rivals (intensity of competitive rivalry) In Germany organic products are sold as follows 35% in conventional supermarkets (around 40. 00 shops) 23% in specialist shops (around 2000 shops there are 17 organic supermarket chains, the 5 biggest are Lunar, Vital, Dens Bio, Basic and Redford). 19% in d iscounts supermarkets (more than 10. 000 shops) Fig 5. Number of specialized organic outlets in Germany (2008) It is therefore clear that, despite being this sector quite young, the number of actors operating in it is very high this great level of rivalry determines a high threat to profits.It is what is more important to note that these operators vary consistently in cost structures and have different levels of exit barriers bigger, traditional retailers/ wholesalers (such as Metro, Rowe and Deeds) have an advantage in terms of economies of scale, although they will have to face stronger exit barriers, considering the amount of their investments. According to young research (Bifocal, 2010), the further development of the specialized organic market sector will see a decrease in terms of market share in favor of traditional supermarkets nevertheless, the overall turnover will increase.This is mainly due to the fact that specialized retailers can provide a wider range of products, a more regular supply, competent staff and the availability of non-foods items as well. 3. 2 Threat of new entrants The highest threat is represented by traditional supermarkets with re-branding strategies towards the organic sector, since altogether new entrants would face and be discouraged by very strong entry barriers in terms of capital requirements, economies of scale, amount of regulations, experience curve and gate to key inputs. The resulting threat to profits can therefore be regarded as medium. 3.Threat of substitute products There are not many direct substitutes for organic food and as long as a large portion of the public will be convinced that it is safer, healthier, more nutritious and even tastier than conventional one, its higher prices will be Justified and the branch will maintain if not increase the market share. Nonetheless, local farmers markets provide a good alternative for individuals fond of food with no pesticides and with a low environmental impact even so, their prices are not rarely higher than the ones offered in supermarkets (even if specialized) and their presence on the stain is ere scarce.There are some products and services that could be listed as indirect substitutes, since they also help satisfy the desire of a healthier and CEO-friendly life- style. Fitness centers, wellness programs and sustainable tourism are Just some of these. Despite this, it is important to stress the fact that nutrition is usually regarded as the most crucial factor when it comes to choices taken by consumers in order to improve their personal health and reduce the negative effects on the environment.The resulting level of threat to profits from substitute products can again be regarded as medium. 3. Bargaining power of buyers Consumers power in this industry is mostly influenced by the following factors Price sensitivity Buyers are fast to spend more than on conventional food provided that this is justified by higher levels of quality, freshne ss, taste and the certainty (provided by certificates and labels) that the production and packaging of goods respect specific standards and norms.Despite this general observation, discount supermarkets have been lately offering alike products to the one displayed in specialized chains for sensibly lower prices, alerting customers that a similar quality can be obtained also or half of the usual price. Price sensitivity is therefore increasing. Information availability This kind of consumer is usually passing educated and informed and consequently expects a high level of transparency, as well as being well aware of the different alternatives available in order to satisfy his demand.Degree of dependency upon existing channels of distribution Buyers have been increasingly attracted by the offers displayed in the Internet through more or less specialized organic e-shops. This could represent a potential threat (as well as an opportunity for further investment), although most consumers till rely on traditional channels, offering, among other services, the availability of competent and specialized staff.Availability of substitute products See above The resulting level of threat from this force can be regarded as medium to high. 3. 5 Bargaining power of suppliers Contrarily to the US market, where suppliers are extremely abided (with local farmers often signing contracts with big corporations) and represent the real dominant power in the organic industry, in Europe they are still very fragmented.They do not represent a big threat for the retail industry. It is furthermore not likely for suppliers to tend towards forward vertical integration. The resulting level of threat from this force can be regarded as low to medium The above mentioned observations can be summarized in the following table, which underlines the micro environmental factors within the organic (retail) industry and their level of threat. Fig 6. Porters five forces summary 4.Further relevant specific market issues recent developments in the target market Researchers Budded and Ham (2011) observe that the traditional parameters necessary to define the usual buyer of organic products (e. . Level of income and education, age, as indicated above), have almost completely lost their previous importance in the last few years the authors have thus come to the conclusion that marketing campaigns should concentrate on health-orientated specific needs, underlining the naturalness of goods and their lacking of chemically produced ingredients.

Energy Trends And Energy Policy In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

In the class 2005, the dexterity inspiration in Malaysia is round 38.9 Mtoe which is addition round 5.6 per centum from the twelve month 2000. Oil is a significant contribution of button consumed which is about 63 per centum. It is chiefly apply in the industrial and conveyance sector. Natural gas pulmonary tuberculosis besides increased in latitude with the enkindle electrical energy demand. Although it is decrease from 77 per centum in yea 2000 to 70 per centum in class 2005 but it still considered as a high in the helping of natural gas with the electricity coevals. Actually the authorities wants to increase the portion of coal in the electricity coevals mix, but it merely r severallyed about 22 per centum in 2005.In yr 1980, Malaysia authorities introduced the National Depletion Policy. It is because Malaysia has many conventional energy resources ( oil color and gas ) and renewable energy such as hydro, biomass and solar energy. The intent of this policy is to dev elop the economic system s oil and gas in a sustainable mode and fixed the maximal day-to-day oil and gas merchandise degrees. The return degrees for the natural gas militias argon expected to last another 33 old ages and oil militias are expected to last another 19 old ages.Malaysia authorities introduced the Five Fuel Strategy in ordain to happen alternate energy beginnings afterward oil, coal, natural gas and hydro. In 2005, biodiesel was introduced for the conveyance sector to accomplish sustainable energy development through variegation of fuel beginning. talent demandThe portion of Malaysia s urban population will increase from 63 per centum in 2002 to 78 per centum in 2030. Besides, the existent GDP besides increase about 3.4 per centum per annum. The increase of population and existent GDP will take to alter in lifestyle and do energy demand besides increase in the conveyance, commercial message and industrial sector.Beginning Global Penetrations ( 2005 ) manakin Real GDP and PopulationThe concluding energy demand until 2030 shows the industry sector will hold the highest growth rate which is about 4.3 per centum. The second growing rate is transport sector at 3.9 per centum and followed by residential at 3.1 per centum. The lowest growing rate energy demand is commercial sector at 2.7 per centum. The concluding energy demand is shown in figure below.Beginning APERC Analysis ( 2006 )Figure Final Energy necessitateAlthough the concluding energy demand for the industry sector is the growing rate, but its mean one-year growing is decrease about 7.5 per centum everywhere the past devil decennaries. It is because of the switching industry construction from energy intensive to non-intensive energy and betterment of energy efficiency. Energy demand for natural gas is expected to growing at 43 per centum of industrial demand in 2030. Hence, substitute the oil as a primary fuel in Malaysia. Malaysia authorities makes many programs in order to happen alternate renewable fuel. It can see by the development of biomass energy in Malaysia. Biomass energy is used in cogeneration by palm oil industries.Intro ProductionThe Malayan authorities stated that mush and constitution industry as one of the of conditional relationation sector for investing in the 2nd industrial maestro program ( IMP 2 ) . The chief aim of this program is to accomplish a province of ego sufficient, cut drink down import and promote foreign capital influx. Although, in the twelvemonth 1997 occur Asiatic Crisis, the mush and news study publisher industry still can last to make their production. No mill was closed down or taken by titanicr companies at this clip. The mush and paper industry merely produce little production because they cutting the price of production but still efficient. This industry besides concentrating on niche markets at the national graduated table. Until now, this industry becomes one of the of import sectors that contribute to devel opment of Malaysia economic system. The entire capacity of mush and paper production is about over than one million tones per twelvemonth and it is increase twelvemonth by twelvemonth.In Malaysia, the production of mush and paper industry does non carry through the domestic economic consumption. Malaysia had ever dependent on newspaper import.Figure Malaya pulp Production and ConsumptionFigure Malaysia newsprint Production and ConsumptionMalaya is turning in the paper recycling summons. Many mills use about 95 per centum wastepaper as a natural stuff base. Some union makes net income by selling the wastepaper to another company. The authorities decided to censor export of wastepaper to do certain that all of the wastepaper collected stayed in the state.Figure Pulp and Paper mill in MalayaFrom the figure, there are 20 mills of mush and paper in Malaysia. For the instance survey, three mills were selected. The mills areCenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdPlo 59, Jalan Perusahaan 4,Senai industrial Estate,81400 Senai, Johor.The company specialising in the maker of expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugatedpaper cartons merchandises. This company was established in twelvemonth 1991.2 ) Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdBatch 7090. Mukim Tg. 12, Karung Berkunci 206,42700 Banting, SelangorMalayaThe company specialising in the maker of line drives and corrugated medium documents. Thiscompany was established in twelvemonth 1992. It has approximately 600 employees functional in this company.The company is able to bring forth 250,000 M/T of industrial paper per twelvemonth.3 ) Ornapaper industry ( M ) Sdn BhdNo. 8998, Kawasan Perindustrian Peringkat IVBatu Berendam75350 MelakaMalayaThe company specialising in the maker of corrugated cartons and boards. This companywas established in twelvemonth 1990.It has approximately 300 employees working in two displacements. The company isable to bring forth 100,000 M/T of corrugated boards and cartons per twelvemonth.Table sh ows the entire operating hr and net production for each mill. From the tabular array below, the highest production and runing hr is from Genting Sanyen compared to Ornapaper and Cenpak. It is because Genting Sanyen has a fully grown deeds and many fabrication gondolas that allow to bring forth a big sum of production.NoItemwhole of meterCenpakGenting SanyenOrnapaper12Operating hrNet Productionh/yrt/yr62406,6458400196,631584043,756Table wide-cut runing hr and net productionOperational government and production figuresCenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdThe works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours passim the twelvemonth. The operating(a) government of the works differs harmonizing to the procedure as shown in table below.NoItemUnit of measurementFigure1.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0Base informationCCBCorrugator machineFlexo Printing machinesWaste weewee interventionEPSPreexpansionModeling machinesDryersBoiler room operationBoiler 1Boiler 2h/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yr3,1203,1203,120 6,2406,2406,2406,2403,120Plant operational governmentThe monthly net production end product for the arrest January 2000 to December 2000 is shown in the undermentioned tabular array.Calendar monthUnit of measurementExpanded polystyrene corrugated carton boxJanFeb louse upAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecSumTTTTTTTTTTTTT5974624857656666536445366955677434784794784225334724535654563065,950Entire net production for the mention periodGenting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdOperational government and production figuresThe works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours throughout the twelvemonth. The operational government of the works for each section is shown in table below.Department operative( yearss )Number of ShiftsWorking HoursAnnual Operating HoursStock formulation73248,400Paper machine73248,400Care73248,400The monthly production end product for the twelvemonth 2000 is given in the tabular array below.Calendar monthProduction ( T )JanFeb crossAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire16,055 16,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,795196,631Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn BhdThe Ornapaper works operates 16 hours a twenty-four hours on two displacements. However, certain subdivisions operate over longer periods. The one-year operating hours of the works harmonizing to the procedure are shown in Table belowPlant one-year runing hrUnit of measurementFigureCorrugator machinePrinting machineWaste H2O interventionBoilerCompressorHr/yrHr/yrHr/yrHr/yrHr/yr58405840584058405840The monthly production end product of the works for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown table belowCalendar monthUnit of measurementCorrugated boxJanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTones4,2342,9764,0543,9464,2563,8183,3753,1573,1903,5713,6593,520EntireTones43,756Monthly production for the twelvemonth 2002Manufacturing procedureFor the instance survey, fabricating procedure for each mill is different. It is because each works produces di fferent merchandise and different machine. In order to accomplish energy salvaging step, it is of import to cognize the fabrication procedure and it energy use of goods and services in the procedure.Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdThe company produces expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugated box. The production of corrugated box based on the client special(prenominal)ation. The production procedure is begins with starch readying and paper axial rotations.The following phase is corrugators subdivision. In this subdivision, the corrugator machine will convey together a sheet of paper to organize individual or dual bed corrugated paper. The paper is produced in a uninterrupted procedure harmonizing to the merchandise design and particularations.The machine is divided into chief subdivisions, flute and savoury home base subdivisions. The flute subdivision is divided into flutes portion and dual angel. The paper axial rotations are transported under the axial rotation stands utilizing conveyers. The operator so feeds the axial rotations into the corrugators. In the individual facer, the paper is which give the paper the fluted form. Starch is applied to the tips of the flutes on one side and the interior line drive is paste to the flute. The corrugated flute medium with one line drive attached to it, is called individual phaser web and travels along the machine towards dual angel. This subdivision is known as line preheater. There, the individual facer web meets the outer line drive and forms the corrugated board. by and by the board emerges from dual angel, it passes a locomote heated a steam clean flatcar known as hot home base, the cutter cuts the board to the exact postulate length to obtain the corrugated sheet. Finally, corrugated sheets are curvey and sent to the 2nd subdivision of the corrugators hall by operators.Then, the corrugated carton box goes to following procedure which is print and slotting, cutting, turn uping and pasting the board to fa bricate a corrugated box. In this subdivision, it have flexographic or flexo machines. This machine will publish, cuts, creases and glues the board into the concluding form in one operation. Unfortunately, non all operation can be managing with flexo machine. For the big poster board or more sophisticated packaging manner instance, it will travel to decease cutting and sewing or pasting procedure manually.Last, the corrugated carton box will be sent to review subdivision. In this subdivision, the merchandise will be inspects whether it is fulfill the client special(prenominal)ation or non. After the review subdivision is complete, the merchandise will be sent to the client.Flow Diagram of corrugated box procedureStarch PreparationPaper RollsCorrugatorPrintingDie CutGluing/StitchingInspectionDeliveryThe 2nd of merchandise in this company is expandible polystyrene boxes. Figure below shows the general procedure to do the expandible polystyrene boxes.EPS RESINNEW MOULDEXPANDERSILO ma turationMolding MachineREQUIRE DRYINGDRYINGPacking materialSTORINGDeliveryEnergy use at modeling procedure.Polystyrene modeling procedure requires the supply of steam, compressed air, electricity, chill H2O and vacuity. Steam is required to provide heat for the formation of the polystyrene mold and chilling H2O to chill the vacuity pumps and molds. Compressed air is chiefly required for the control of the molding procedure, purge of H2O and gap of the mold. Vacuum is required in the chilling and emptying of extra steam before the mold gap.Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdFlow diagram of production procedure of paperWaste PaperRaw stuff StorageStock PreparationPaper MachineWhitewater PreparationWire Section insisting SectionDryer SectionCompleting SectionPaper RollsFirst, the waste paper is collected and some waste paper is import from another company. After that, the natural stuff will be store up to six-month supply. The stock readying starts with the cleansing procedure. I t starts with the centrifugal cleansing of the diluted mixture of contaminated fibres. The diluted waste paper mixture is pumped to different machines whose intent it is to divide the useable fibres from the ink or any other soiled stuff, which might be attached to the fibre.The mixture has to be farther diluted, dewatered, washed and pressed to hold those fibres reclaimed, which are clean and transcend a certain fibre coat, the remainder is toss out as sludge.The fibres are separated in short and long fibres to command the strength and quality of the paper by choosing the appropriate mixture in the paper production subsequently on.Then, the procedure continues to the paper machine subdivision. The paper machine is used as a large drier which transform the loose fibres into comforting sheet of paper. The paper machine can be spliting into another subdivision which is the white water readying system, the wire subdivision, the imperativeness subdivision, the drier subdivision with size imperativeness and finishing subdivision.Whitewater readying is provides the circulating H2O for the paper machine. The wire subdivision is orientating the fibres on a traveling screen ( wire ) and allows large measures of H2O to go through through. The imperativeness subdivision presses the H2O in the imperativeness felt which in bend is cleaned with hard-hitting H2O noses and suction tubings for H2O remotion. For the drier subdivision it will distilling inside the cylinder and heats the surface to about 140 & A deg C. Lastly, the finishing subdivision provides a steel calendar for smoothing the surface.Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn BhdThe company produce corrugated box which is same with the Cenpak Holding. Hence, the fabrication procedure to bring forth corrugated box besides same. The procedure want with starch readying and paper axial rotations, corrugators, printing, dice cut, pasting, review and bringing.Energy use at the corrugatorThe energy consumed at the corrugato rs subdivision is electrical and thermic energy. galvanizing energy is used to run motors, fans and compressor. Thermal energy or steam supplied to the assorted subdivisions of the corrugators. . Boiler is used to bring forth steam for corrugator subdivision to pine away H2O intervention works ( WWTP ) . Steam is supplied through a distribution pipe and the distribution is shown in figure below.BoilerSteam HeadingConveyerHot PlateDouble BeckerPreheaterWater TankIntro energy ingestionEnergy ingestion of mush and paper industry is about 3 per centum from the entire industrial energy ingestion in Malaysia. The mush and paper industry self-generates from the energy required to back up the fabrication procedure. Wood waste fuels, chemical waste fuel watercourse and power cogeneration is the illustration of the spontaneous. Table below show the Malayan industrial energy ingestion in 2003.Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdEnergy and public-service confederations ingestionThe public-service s enss supplied to the site are electricity, Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) and H2O. The entire energy ingestion of the mill and the one-year energy and public-service corporation be in the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.NoItemUnit of measurement mensurationCost th.RM1234MFO electricityWaterSumth.ltrMWhth.m3Th.RM1,3632,96135736688761,501Annual energy public-service corporation ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2001Chart one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2001 )From the pie chart, we can see that MFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Cenpak Holding. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost.Description of the electric webThe mill is billed under avocation E2 by TNB. The electric use, demand and cost sum-up for 2001 is shown in table below.Calendar monthOn-peak ( KWh )Off-peak ( KWh )Entire ( KWh )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntireAnnually cost ( th.RM/yr )Average monetary value RM/KWh167,160157,8001 56,450141,350113,510151,000151,320185,440170,200157,130152,220124,8101,828,39038096,39091,25088,69098,05076,98096,920107,710119,000101,440102,33088,55065,7801,133,090145263,550249,050245,140239,400190,490247,920259,030304,440271,640259,460240,770190,5902,961,4806880.232Electricity debt instrumentItemUnit of measurementRateElectrical energyDuty codificationOn peak period rateOff peak period rateMaximal demand for each KWhRM/KWhRM/KWhRM/monthE3S0.2080.12821.70From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in August and the lowest is in May. The electricity ingestion is all of a sudden reduced in May and get down addition from June to August. The peak clip and off extremum is reduced towards the termination of the twelvemonth.Fuel supply and ingestionThe fuel used at Cenpak Holding is Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) . MFO is used in the boiler. The MFO ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.NoFuelUnit of measurementFigureEntire cost ( th.R M )1MFOltr1,363,250736Water ConsumptionWater ingestion for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.Calendar monthConsumption ( M3 )Cost ( RM )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire2,3512,5602,8062,7202,7473,4732,7432,5802,2513,4863,7203,07734,5144,558.935,722.816,274.986,080.856,142.087,768.326,132.375,768.005,031.047,797.058,320.856,881.2876,478.56From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in November and the lowest is in January. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost.Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdEnergy and public-service corporation ingestionThe public-service corporations supplied to the site are electricity, steam, and H2O. The one-year energy cost in the twelvemonth 2000 for each public-service corporation is shown in table below.NoUtilityUnit of measurementConsumptionEquivalent EnergyCostGJ%1000 RM%123ElectricitySteamWaterMWhTM398,602316,1992,247,2321,268867,334868,60 20.1599.8510019,7207,9051123.628,74625733100Chart one-year cost for each public-service corporationFrom the pie chart, we can see that electricity consume the major portion of the cost which is 69 % . Therefore, it is recommended concentrating the electricity energy to cut down the cost. special electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI )The specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthElectricity ( MWh )Production ( T )EUI ( MWh/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec7,1857,0636,9297,2467,3658,6238,7728,7668,2019,3198,69310,44116,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,7950.450.440.430.450.440.500.520.530.550.540.550.62Entire98,602196,6310.50Table specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI )From the graph, we can see that specific energy ingestion per ton ( EUI ) reaches the highest in December and lowest in March. The mean electricity ingestion is 0.50 MWh/ton.Specific steam ingest ionThe specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthSteam ( T )Production ( T )EUI ( t/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec26,07426,27026,02327,02927,14227,02424,65828,11127,24728,35322,33325,93516,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,7951.621.631.631.661.601.581.461.681.821.651.421.54Entire316,199196,6311.61Table specific steam ingestion per ton ( EUI )Specific steam ingestionFrom the graph, we can see that specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in family and lowest in November. The mean electricity ingestion is 1.61 t/t.The specific H2O ingestion for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthWater ( M3 )Production ( T )Spec. Water Consumption ( m3/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec18,225716,672717,775217,706117,975218,544520,653219,766719,410220,014818,255819,723116,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,79511 .3510.3711.1410.8910.6210.8612.1911.8512.9711.6711.6011.74Entire2,247,232196,63111.43Table specific H2O ingestion.From the graph, we can see that specific H2O ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in September and lowest in February. The mean electricity ingestion is 11.43 m3/t.Energy and Utilities ConsumptionThe major energy consumed in their works is light fuel oil ( LFO ) , electricity and diesel oil. Electricity is utilised chiefly for its procedure machine such as corrugator, publishing machines, sewing machine, compressor, fan and office. LFO is used by boiler to bring forth steam while Diesel is chiefly used for vehicles. The entire energy and public-service corporations ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown in table below.NoItemUnit of measurement meterCost th.RM1234LFODieselElectricityWaterSumth.ltrth.ltrMWhM3th.RM1,4851023,29424,34698064605361,685Chart one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2002 )From the pie chart, we can see that LFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Ornapaper. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost.Electricity indebtednessThe site belongs to TNB s duty codification E2 Medium Voltage Peak / Off-peak Industrial Tariff. Table below shows the duty rate.ItemUnit of measurementRateElectrical energyDuty codificationOn peak period rateOff peak period rateMaximal demand for each KWhRM/KWhRM/KWhRM/monthE20.2080.12821.70Electricity ingestionTable below shows the monthly electricity ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2002.Calendar monthOn-peak ( KWh )Off-peak ( KWh )Entire ( KWh )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire198,000195,860200,350218,840209,570209,570210,520215,850215,380202,780212,690186,1302,475,540100,27085,040111,930111,460112,460112,46073,46084,72078,26073,06061,25062,6401,067,010298,270280,900312,280330,300322,030322,030283,980300,570293,640275,840273,940248,7703,542,550Annually cost ( th.RM/yr )515137651Average monetary value ( RM/KWh ) 0.184Gr aph Electricity Consumption ( 2002 )From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in April and the lowest is in December. The peak clip is about same throughout the twelvemonth but the off extremum is reduced towards the terminal of the twelvemonth.Fuel ingestion unprovoked Fuel Oil ( LFO ) and Diesel are used at Ornapaper. As reference before, LFO is used for boiler to bring forth steam and Diesel is used for vehicle. Table below shows the fuel ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002.NoFuelUnit of measurementFigureEntire cost ( th.RM )11.11.2Liquid fuelLFODieselltrltr1,621,280101919107064Entire Cost1134Specific Energy Consumption ( 2002 )Calendar monthElectricity ( KWh )LFO ( ltr )Production ( metric tons )Specific Energy ConsumptionElectricity ( Kwh/tonnes )LFO ( GJ/tonnes )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec298,270280,900312,280330,300322,030322,030283,980300,570293,640275,840273,940248,77099,65571,182160,52793,764239,073130,255145,800149,23687,873164,152143 ,427136,3374,2342,9764,0543,9464,2563,8183,3753,1573,1903,5713,6593,52070.494.477.083.775.784.484.195.292.177.274.970.70.850.861.430.862.031.231.561.711.001.661.421.40Entire3,542,5501,621,28043,75681.61.33Graph specific energy ingestion ( electricity )From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in February and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is cut down from October to January. Therefore, it is chances to cut down the electricity ingestion.Graph specific energy ingestion ( LFO )From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in May and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is about same from January to February. Therefore, it is chances to cut down theLFO ingestion and step energy salvaging for the boiler.Water ConsumptionWater is used for boiler to bring forth steam and for publishing procedure at the Ornapaper. The H2O ingestion for Ornapaper in the twelvemonth 2002 is given in table below.Calendar monthFigure ( M3 )Entire Cost ( th.RM )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire1,4801,5812,4861,9942,3492,3312,2451,9861,1711,1941,6763,26523,7582,175.602,324.073,654.422,931.183,453.033,426.573,300.152,919.421,721.371,755.182,463.724,799.5534,924.26Graph H2O consumotion and cost ( 2002 )From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in December and the lowest is in September. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost.

The Katrina Breakdown

The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina whitethorn be remarked as a very important aspect to understand the race between federal, show, and local governments when it comes to major catastrophe. In Katrinas case, federalism is seen as central to what was largely a government-created disaster. Numerous scientific articles are trying to offer conglomerate interpretations of what went wrong and why however, out of on the whole perspectives, I find Stephen Griffins argument some persuasive.Yes, I may agree with Martha Derthick that there were twain success and failures in governmental responses to the disaster, but I also find this idea less persuasive because there were more failures than successful responses. I may agree with Marc Landys position that federalism was put to a difficult test that required effective decisions, speed and coordination, and I agree that some citizens were not cooperating with the mandate evacuation orders and consequently were the ones to blame. However, Gr iffins examples of governmental failure show something valuable well-nigh the nature of federalism.First of all, he proves that federalism is not simply about the fact of the existence of federal and produce governments. Federalism is also about localism. Despite being dependent for their legal authority on state governments, local governments imbibe substantial legal and political authority. Prior to Katrina, federal disaster policy had been based formally on the idea that local governments knew local conditions best. However, one of the most unusual characteristics of Hurricane Katrina was how it blasted away the entire local government infrastructure in New Orleans.It challenged assumptions as to how the federal structure needed to operate, not hardly during a crisis, but also in preparing for crisis situations. It also removed the basis on which the National Response Plan was built. Second, the failure to respond to the disaster open(a) one of the few real structural weaknes ses in the U. S. Constitution a mechanism to coordinate the work of local, state and national governments. While Washington had fuss making long-range plans, coordinating its actions and political decisions, local, state and federal officials were debating over who was in charge.The fractured division of responsibility Governor Blanco controlled state agencies and the National Guard, Mayor Nagin enjoin city workers, and the head of FEMA, Mr. Br induce, served as the point man for the federal government meant no one was in charge. For example, the evacuation was delayed unnecessarily because the federal and state governments could not communicate effectively about who was supposed to provide transportation. It meant that officials were unaware that there were thousands of people without food, water, or bare necessities.The consequences of this governmental paralysis were appalling homo suffering and the humiliation of the U. S. government in the eyes of the nation and the whole world. Another part of the problem was that the scale of devastation was vast. It appeared that Katrina was beyond the capacity of the state and local governments, and it was beyond the capacity of FEMA. Federal authorities were waiting for state authorities who were supposed to combine local decisions to request resources in an emergency. However, when local governments and communication theory had been wiped out, state authorities did not know what to request.The extent of the crisis meant that state officials were unable to cope. In other words, when the crisis hit, different agencies could not communicate with one another referable to different types of systems. When in fact, Katrina was a national problem and could only be solved by a national mandate. It seems that the federal system must be a certain way because it has always been that way it is a system that the founding generation designed and thought was well-justified. Among other effects, this saves officials from ha ving to fully confront their own responsibility for how the system is run.In Katrinas case, for instance, there was no justification for allowing local and state authorities to fight for years over who was going to sully which communications system. They should have not fight over the idea of how the block grants needed to be distributed. Indeed, they would not have been able to fight at all were it not for the federal dollars they were receiving. Unless some institutional and constitutional lessons of Katrina are learnt, if another terroristic event, or a massive earthquake, or even another hurricane happens, we will go about the same ill-coordinated response.We need to stop our customary thinking about what federalism is and what it requires in order to prevent another disaster. The formal structure that does carry over from the ordinal century is misleading because it has been supplemented and subtly altered by continuous institutional miscellanea. To quote Stephen Griffin Th e federal system as it exists today is our system, not that of the founding generation. We generations still alive created it and we are continuing to change it. In any event, if this system is ours, we are responsible for its successful operation and we can decide to change it for good and sufficient reasons.

Performance and Breach of Sales Contract

Running head Performance and Breach of Sales bring Performance and Breach of Sales Contract Quynh Nguyen Upper Iowa University BA 302 Business Law Instructor Paul Croushore Jun 3, 2009 Sales Contract A sale occurs when there is an exchange of goods or other situation from the trafficker to the emptor for money. In order to create in each party a duty to do or non to do something and a right field to accomplishment of the others duty or a remedy for the breach of the others duty, we need to set up a distill. Obligations of the partiesThe obligations of the parties, as assigned in the terms of the weightlift, atomic consequence 18 governed by the general law of contracts. The obligation of the vendor is to furnish the goods, as agreed upon, the buyer to pay therefore. Thus, when the seller offers to turn the goods over to the buyer and when the buyer offers to pay for them, tender of performance occurs. The seller moldiness(prenominal) make tender of delivery and the buye r moldiness(prenominal) make tender of payment. ?Tender of delivery by Seller To be in a position to bring suit on a sales contract, the seller of goods must make tender of delivery, that is, offer to turn the goods over to the buyer.Failure to make this offer is an excuse for buyers not to perform their part of the bargain. The seller must put and hold the goods at the buyers disposition and notify the buyer that the goods be being tendered during backgroundable hours and for a reasonable period of time. In a institutionalisement contract, the seller must put the goods in the possession of a carrier and contract with that carrier for their transportation. Any necessary documents must be sent to the buyer, who must be promptly notified of the shipment.If the seller does not make a reasonable contract for delivery or notify the buyer and a material delay or loss results, the buyer has the right to reject the shipment. Suppose the goods are perishable, such as fresh produce, and the seller does not ship them in a refrigerated truck or railroad car. If the produce deteriorates in transit, the buyer can reject the produce on the ground that the seller did not make a reasonable contract for tape drive it. Sometimes the goods are in the possession of a warehouse and are to be move over to the buyer with stunned being moved.When this situation occurs, tender requires that the seller both tender a document of title covering the goods or obtain an realisation by the warehouse of the buyers right to their possession. The risk of loss as to the goods remains with the seller until the warehouse agrees to hold them for the buyer. ?Tender of payment by Buyer Tender of payment by buyer means offering to turn the money over to the seller. Normally, the buyer has the right to inspect the goods before judge or paying for them. However, when a contract requires payment before inspection, as when the goods are shipped c. . d. (cash on delivery), the buyer must pay for t hem first, even if they turn out to be defective when they are inspected. Of course, if the defect is obvious, the buyer would not have to accept or to pay for the goods. Payment by the buyer before inspecting the goods does not constitute an acceptance of them. Unless the seller demands cash, the buyer may pay for the goods by personal scrap or by any other method apply in the ordinary course of business. If the seller demands cash, the seller must give the buyer a reasonable amount of time to obtain it.Payment by check is conditional on the checks being honored by the bank when it is presented for payment. If the check clears, the debt is discharged. If the check is dishonored, the debt is revived. In that case, the buyer does not have the right to retain the goods and must give them back to the seller. Buyers rights and duties upon delivery of improper goods Except when a contract requires payment before inspection, as when the goods are shipped c. o. d. as mentioned above, the buyer has the right to inspect the goods before accepting them or paying for them.When defective goods or goods not of the kind specified in the contract are delivered, the buyer may elect to reject them all, accept them all, or accept any commercial unit or units and reject the rest. ? betrothal Acceptance of goods occurs when a buyer, after having a reasonable probability to inspect them, either indicates that he will take them or fails to reject them. When the buyer accept goods and after discovers something wrong with them, the buyer must notify the seller within the reasonable time after the discovery. The failure to give proper notice will proceed the buyer from having recourse against the seller.The buyer is obligated to goods that are authoritative. If the buyer accept all the goods sold, she is, of course, responsible for the full purchase price. If the buyer accepts only part of the goods, she must pay for that part at the contract rate. ?Rejection A rejection occurs w hen a buyer refuses to accept delivery of goods tendered. A rejection must be done within a reasonable time after delivery or tender to the buyer. In addition, the buyer must notify the seller of the particular defect in the goods so as to give the seller an opportunity to correct the defect.If the seller gives no instructions within a reasonable time after being notified of the rejection, the buyer may store the goods for the seller, reship them to the seller, or resell them for the seller. In all case, the buyer is entitled to be reimbursed for expenses. ?Revocation of acceptance If a buyer has accepted the goods on the assumption that their nonconformity would be corrected by the seller and the seller does not do so, the buyer may upset the acceptance. This revocation must be made within a reasonable time after the buyer discovers the nonconformity.A revocation of an acceptance is not effective until the buyer notifies the seller of it. Buyers who revoke an acceptance have the s ame rights and duties with regards to the goods involved as if they had rejected them. Sellers right to cure improper tender If the seller has some reason to believe that the buyer would accept non conforming goods, and so the seller can take a reasonable time to reship the conforming goods. The seller has this opportunity even if the original time for delivery has expired. In all cases, sellers must notify buyers that they are going to cure the improper tender or delivery.The seller does not have the right to cure improper tender when a buyer accepts nonconforming goods, even though the buyer may later march the seller for breach of contract. The seller has the right only when the buyer either rejects the goods tendered or revokes an acceptance of the goods. Breach of Contract Breach of contract occurs when one of the parties fails to do what was agreed upon in the contract. An anticipatory breach must be made by an act which indicates the party will not complete the work. When b reaches happen, the ther party to the contract has specific remedies available under the UCC. ?Sellers remedies The buyer may breach the contract in a number of ways. The most common are by wrongfully refusing to accept goods, by wrongfully returning goods, by failing to pay for goods when payment is due, and by indicating an unwillingness to go ahead with the contract. When a buyer breaches a sales contract, the seller may select from a number of remedies ? Cancellation and withholding of delivery If the goods have not been delivered. The seller has the right to arrest them upon learning of the buyers breach.If the seller is in the process of manufacturing the goods, she has two choices. She may complete manufacture of the goods, or she may stop manufacturing and sell the uncompleted goods for their scrap or salvage value. In choose between these alternatives, the seller should select the alternative that will minimize the loss. ?Stop delivery of the goods if after shipping the g oods, the seller discover that the buyer is insolvent (unable to pay debts), the seller may have the delivery stop by before the goods reach their destination.However, if the insolvency information is incorrect, both(prenominal) the seller and the carrier could be sued for damages suffered by the carrier for not completing the shipment. ?Resell the goods the seller may resell the goods or the undelivered balance of them. aft(prenominal) the sale, the injured party may sue the other for the difference between what the property brought on resale and the price the buyer had agreed to pay in the contract. A purchaser who buys in good faith at a resale takes the goods free of any rights of the original buyer. Recover damages the seller may retain the intersection and sue the buyer for either the difference between the contract price and the market price at the time the buyer breached the agreement or the take in that the seller would have made had the contract been performed. ?Buyers remedies A seller may breach a contract in a number of ways failing to make an agreed delivery, delivery goods that do not conform to the contract, and indicating that he does not intend to fulfill the obligations under the contract. The buyer then may select from a number of remedies ?Cover the sale If the seller fails or refuse to deliver the goods called for in the contract, the buyer can similar goods from soul else. Then he can recover as damages from the seller the difference between the contract price and the cost of the substitute goods. ?Keep goods and render adjustment when improper goods are delivered, the buyer may keep them and ask the seller for an adjustment. If no adjustment is made, the buyer may sue the seller for either breach of contract or breach of warranty, which ever applies. Sue for specific performance when the goods are unique or rare, the buyer may ask the court to order the seller to do what he or she agreed to do under the contract terms. This reques t is known as an action for specific performance of the contract.Reference Mallor, J. P. , Barnes, A. J. , Bowers, T. , Langvardt, A. W. (2005). Business Law, the ethical, global, and e-commerce environment. New York Mc Graw Hill Miller, R. L. , Jentz, G. A. (2008). Business Law Today. Thomson west.