Energy Trends And Energy Policy In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

In the class 2005, the dexterity inspiration in Malaysia is round 38.9 Mtoe which is addition round 5.6 per centum from the twelve month 2000. Oil is a significant contribution of button consumed which is about 63 per centum. It is chiefly apply in the industrial and conveyance sector. Natural gas pulmonary tuberculosis besides increased in latitude with the enkindle electrical energy demand. Although it is decrease from 77 per centum in yea 2000 to 70 per centum in class 2005 but it still considered as a high in the helping of natural gas with the electricity coevals. Actually the authorities wants to increase the portion of coal in the electricity coevals mix, but it merely r severallyed about 22 per centum in 2005.In yr 1980, Malaysia authorities introduced the National Depletion Policy. It is because Malaysia has many conventional energy resources ( oil color and gas ) and renewable energy such as hydro, biomass and solar energy. The intent of this policy is to dev elop the economic system s oil and gas in a sustainable mode and fixed the maximal day-to-day oil and gas merchandise degrees. The return degrees for the natural gas militias argon expected to last another 33 old ages and oil militias are expected to last another 19 old ages.Malaysia authorities introduced the Five Fuel Strategy in ordain to happen alternate energy beginnings afterward oil, coal, natural gas and hydro. In 2005, biodiesel was introduced for the conveyance sector to accomplish sustainable energy development through variegation of fuel beginning. talent demandThe portion of Malaysia s urban population will increase from 63 per centum in 2002 to 78 per centum in 2030. Besides, the existent GDP besides increase about 3.4 per centum per annum. The increase of population and existent GDP will take to alter in lifestyle and do energy demand besides increase in the conveyance, commercial message and industrial sector.Beginning Global Penetrations ( 2005 ) manakin Real GDP and PopulationThe concluding energy demand until 2030 shows the industry sector will hold the highest growth rate which is about 4.3 per centum. The second growing rate is transport sector at 3.9 per centum and followed by residential at 3.1 per centum. The lowest growing rate energy demand is commercial sector at 2.7 per centum. The concluding energy demand is shown in figure below.Beginning APERC Analysis ( 2006 )Figure Final Energy necessitateAlthough the concluding energy demand for the industry sector is the growing rate, but its mean one-year growing is decrease about 7.5 per centum everywhere the past devil decennaries. It is because of the switching industry construction from energy intensive to non-intensive energy and betterment of energy efficiency. Energy demand for natural gas is expected to growing at 43 per centum of industrial demand in 2030. Hence, substitute the oil as a primary fuel in Malaysia. Malaysia authorities makes many programs in order to happen alternate renewable fuel. It can see by the development of biomass energy in Malaysia. Biomass energy is used in cogeneration by palm oil industries.Intro ProductionThe Malayan authorities stated that mush and constitution industry as one of the of conditional relationation sector for investing in the 2nd industrial maestro program ( IMP 2 ) . The chief aim of this program is to accomplish a province of ego sufficient, cut drink down import and promote foreign capital influx. Although, in the twelvemonth 1997 occur Asiatic Crisis, the mush and news study publisher industry still can last to make their production. No mill was closed down or taken by titanicr companies at this clip. The mush and paper industry merely produce little production because they cutting the price of production but still efficient. This industry besides concentrating on niche markets at the national graduated table. Until now, this industry becomes one of the of import sectors that contribute to devel opment of Malaysia economic system. The entire capacity of mush and paper production is about over than one million tones per twelvemonth and it is increase twelvemonth by twelvemonth.In Malaysia, the production of mush and paper industry does non carry through the domestic economic consumption. Malaysia had ever dependent on newspaper import.Figure Malaya pulp Production and ConsumptionFigure Malaysia newsprint Production and ConsumptionMalaya is turning in the paper recycling summons. Many mills use about 95 per centum wastepaper as a natural stuff base. Some union makes net income by selling the wastepaper to another company. The authorities decided to censor export of wastepaper to do certain that all of the wastepaper collected stayed in the state.Figure Pulp and Paper mill in MalayaFrom the figure, there are 20 mills of mush and paper in Malaysia. For the instance survey, three mills were selected. The mills areCenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdPlo 59, Jalan Perusahaan 4,Senai industrial Estate,81400 Senai, Johor.The company specialising in the maker of expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugatedpaper cartons merchandises. This company was established in twelvemonth 1991.2 ) Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdBatch 7090. Mukim Tg. 12, Karung Berkunci 206,42700 Banting, SelangorMalayaThe company specialising in the maker of line drives and corrugated medium documents. Thiscompany was established in twelvemonth 1992. It has approximately 600 employees functional in this company.The company is able to bring forth 250,000 M/T of industrial paper per twelvemonth.3 ) Ornapaper industry ( M ) Sdn BhdNo. 8998, Kawasan Perindustrian Peringkat IVBatu Berendam75350 MelakaMalayaThe company specialising in the maker of corrugated cartons and boards. This companywas established in twelvemonth 1990.It has approximately 300 employees working in two displacements. The company isable to bring forth 100,000 M/T of corrugated boards and cartons per twelvemonth.Table sh ows the entire operating hr and net production for each mill. From the tabular array below, the highest production and runing hr is from Genting Sanyen compared to Ornapaper and Cenpak. It is because Genting Sanyen has a fully grown deeds and many fabrication gondolas that allow to bring forth a big sum of production.NoItemwhole of meterCenpakGenting SanyenOrnapaper12Operating hrNet Productionh/yrt/yr62406,6458400196,631584043,756Table wide-cut runing hr and net productionOperational government and production figuresCenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdThe works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours passim the twelvemonth. The operating(a) government of the works differs harmonizing to the procedure as shown in table below.NoItemUnit of measurementFigure1.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0Base informationCCBCorrugator machineFlexo Printing machinesWaste weewee interventionEPSPreexpansionModeling machinesDryersBoiler room operationBoiler 1Boiler 2h/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yr3,1203,1203,120 6,2406,2406,2406,2403,120Plant operational governmentThe monthly net production end product for the arrest January 2000 to December 2000 is shown in the undermentioned tabular array.Calendar monthUnit of measurementExpanded polystyrene corrugated carton boxJanFeb louse upAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecSumTTTTTTTTTTTTT5974624857656666536445366955677434784794784225334724535654563065,950Entire net production for the mention periodGenting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdOperational government and production figuresThe works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours throughout the twelvemonth. The operational government of the works for each section is shown in table below.Department operative( yearss )Number of ShiftsWorking HoursAnnual Operating HoursStock formulation73248,400Paper machine73248,400Care73248,400The monthly production end product for the twelvemonth 2000 is given in the tabular array below.Calendar monthProduction ( T )JanFeb crossAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire16,055 16,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,795196,631Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn BhdThe Ornapaper works operates 16 hours a twenty-four hours on two displacements. However, certain subdivisions operate over longer periods. The one-year operating hours of the works harmonizing to the procedure are shown in Table belowPlant one-year runing hrUnit of measurementFigureCorrugator machinePrinting machineWaste H2O interventionBoilerCompressorHr/yrHr/yrHr/yrHr/yrHr/yr58405840584058405840The monthly production end product of the works for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown table belowCalendar monthUnit of measurementCorrugated boxJanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTones4,2342,9764,0543,9464,2563,8183,3753,1573,1903,5713,6593,520EntireTones43,756Monthly production for the twelvemonth 2002Manufacturing procedureFor the instance survey, fabricating procedure for each mill is different. It is because each works produces di fferent merchandise and different machine. In order to accomplish energy salvaging step, it is of import to cognize the fabrication procedure and it energy use of goods and services in the procedure.Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdThe company produces expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugated box. The production of corrugated box based on the client special(prenominal)ation. The production procedure is begins with starch readying and paper axial rotations.The following phase is corrugators subdivision. In this subdivision, the corrugator machine will convey together a sheet of paper to organize individual or dual bed corrugated paper. The paper is produced in a uninterrupted procedure harmonizing to the merchandise design and particularations.The machine is divided into chief subdivisions, flute and savoury home base subdivisions. The flute subdivision is divided into flutes portion and dual angel. The paper axial rotations are transported under the axial rotation stands utilizing conveyers. The operator so feeds the axial rotations into the corrugators. In the individual facer, the paper is which give the paper the fluted form. Starch is applied to the tips of the flutes on one side and the interior line drive is paste to the flute. The corrugated flute medium with one line drive attached to it, is called individual phaser web and travels along the machine towards dual angel. This subdivision is known as line preheater. There, the individual facer web meets the outer line drive and forms the corrugated board. by and by the board emerges from dual angel, it passes a locomote heated a steam clean flatcar known as hot home base, the cutter cuts the board to the exact postulate length to obtain the corrugated sheet. Finally, corrugated sheets are curvey and sent to the 2nd subdivision of the corrugators hall by operators.Then, the corrugated carton box goes to following procedure which is print and slotting, cutting, turn uping and pasting the board to fa bricate a corrugated box. In this subdivision, it have flexographic or flexo machines. This machine will publish, cuts, creases and glues the board into the concluding form in one operation. Unfortunately, non all operation can be managing with flexo machine. For the big poster board or more sophisticated packaging manner instance, it will travel to decease cutting and sewing or pasting procedure manually.Last, the corrugated carton box will be sent to review subdivision. In this subdivision, the merchandise will be inspects whether it is fulfill the client special(prenominal)ation or non. After the review subdivision is complete, the merchandise will be sent to the client.Flow Diagram of corrugated box procedureStarch PreparationPaper RollsCorrugatorPrintingDie CutGluing/StitchingInspectionDeliveryThe 2nd of merchandise in this company is expandible polystyrene boxes. Figure below shows the general procedure to do the expandible polystyrene boxes.EPS RESINNEW MOULDEXPANDERSILO ma turationMolding MachineREQUIRE DRYINGDRYINGPacking materialSTORINGDeliveryEnergy use at modeling procedure.Polystyrene modeling procedure requires the supply of steam, compressed air, electricity, chill H2O and vacuity. Steam is required to provide heat for the formation of the polystyrene mold and chilling H2O to chill the vacuity pumps and molds. Compressed air is chiefly required for the control of the molding procedure, purge of H2O and gap of the mold. Vacuum is required in the chilling and emptying of extra steam before the mold gap.Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdFlow diagram of production procedure of paperWaste PaperRaw stuff StorageStock PreparationPaper MachineWhitewater PreparationWire Section insisting SectionDryer SectionCompleting SectionPaper RollsFirst, the waste paper is collected and some waste paper is import from another company. After that, the natural stuff will be store up to six-month supply. The stock readying starts with the cleansing procedure. I t starts with the centrifugal cleansing of the diluted mixture of contaminated fibres. The diluted waste paper mixture is pumped to different machines whose intent it is to divide the useable fibres from the ink or any other soiled stuff, which might be attached to the fibre.The mixture has to be farther diluted, dewatered, washed and pressed to hold those fibres reclaimed, which are clean and transcend a certain fibre coat, the remainder is toss out as sludge.The fibres are separated in short and long fibres to command the strength and quality of the paper by choosing the appropriate mixture in the paper production subsequently on.Then, the procedure continues to the paper machine subdivision. The paper machine is used as a large drier which transform the loose fibres into comforting sheet of paper. The paper machine can be spliting into another subdivision which is the white water readying system, the wire subdivision, the imperativeness subdivision, the drier subdivision with size imperativeness and finishing subdivision.Whitewater readying is provides the circulating H2O for the paper machine. The wire subdivision is orientating the fibres on a traveling screen ( wire ) and allows large measures of H2O to go through through. The imperativeness subdivision presses the H2O in the imperativeness felt which in bend is cleaned with hard-hitting H2O noses and suction tubings for H2O remotion. For the drier subdivision it will distilling inside the cylinder and heats the surface to about 140 & A deg C. Lastly, the finishing subdivision provides a steel calendar for smoothing the surface.Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn BhdThe company produce corrugated box which is same with the Cenpak Holding. Hence, the fabrication procedure to bring forth corrugated box besides same. The procedure want with starch readying and paper axial rotations, corrugators, printing, dice cut, pasting, review and bringing.Energy use at the corrugatorThe energy consumed at the corrugato rs subdivision is electrical and thermic energy. galvanizing energy is used to run motors, fans and compressor. Thermal energy or steam supplied to the assorted subdivisions of the corrugators. . Boiler is used to bring forth steam for corrugator subdivision to pine away H2O intervention works ( WWTP ) . Steam is supplied through a distribution pipe and the distribution is shown in figure below.BoilerSteam HeadingConveyerHot PlateDouble BeckerPreheaterWater TankIntro energy ingestionEnergy ingestion of mush and paper industry is about 3 per centum from the entire industrial energy ingestion in Malaysia. The mush and paper industry self-generates from the energy required to back up the fabrication procedure. Wood waste fuels, chemical waste fuel watercourse and power cogeneration is the illustration of the spontaneous. Table below show the Malayan industrial energy ingestion in 2003.Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdEnergy and public-service confederations ingestionThe public-service s enss supplied to the site are electricity, Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) and H2O. The entire energy ingestion of the mill and the one-year energy and public-service corporation be in the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.NoItemUnit of measurement mensurationCost th.RM1234MFO electricityWaterSumth.ltrMWhth.m3Th.RM1,3632,96135736688761,501Annual energy public-service corporation ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2001Chart one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2001 )From the pie chart, we can see that MFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Cenpak Holding. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost.Description of the electric webThe mill is billed under avocation E2 by TNB. The electric use, demand and cost sum-up for 2001 is shown in table below.Calendar monthOn-peak ( KWh )Off-peak ( KWh )Entire ( KWh )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntireAnnually cost ( th.RM/yr )Average monetary value RM/KWh167,160157,8001 56,450141,350113,510151,000151,320185,440170,200157,130152,220124,8101,828,39038096,39091,25088,69098,05076,98096,920107,710119,000101,440102,33088,55065,7801,133,090145263,550249,050245,140239,400190,490247,920259,030304,440271,640259,460240,770190,5902,961,4806880.232Electricity debt instrumentItemUnit of measurementRateElectrical energyDuty codificationOn peak period rateOff peak period rateMaximal demand for each KWhRM/KWhRM/KWhRM/monthE3S0.2080.12821.70From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in August and the lowest is in May. The electricity ingestion is all of a sudden reduced in May and get down addition from June to August. The peak clip and off extremum is reduced towards the termination of the twelvemonth.Fuel supply and ingestionThe fuel used at Cenpak Holding is Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) . MFO is used in the boiler. The MFO ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.NoFuelUnit of measurementFigureEntire cost ( th.R M )1MFOltr1,363,250736Water ConsumptionWater ingestion for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.Calendar monthConsumption ( M3 )Cost ( RM )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire2,3512,5602,8062,7202,7473,4732,7432,5802,2513,4863,7203,07734,5144,558.935,722.816,274.986,080.856,142.087,768.326,132.375,768.005,031.047,797.058,320.856,881.2876,478.56From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in November and the lowest is in January. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost.Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdEnergy and public-service corporation ingestionThe public-service corporations supplied to the site are electricity, steam, and H2O. The one-year energy cost in the twelvemonth 2000 for each public-service corporation is shown in table below.NoUtilityUnit of measurementConsumptionEquivalent EnergyCostGJ%1000 RM%123ElectricitySteamWaterMWhTM398,602316,1992,247,2321,268867,334868,60 20.1599.8510019,7207,9051123.628,74625733100Chart one-year cost for each public-service corporationFrom the pie chart, we can see that electricity consume the major portion of the cost which is 69 % . Therefore, it is recommended concentrating the electricity energy to cut down the cost. special electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI )The specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthElectricity ( MWh )Production ( T )EUI ( MWh/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec7,1857,0636,9297,2467,3658,6238,7728,7668,2019,3198,69310,44116,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,7950.450.440.430.450.440.500.520.530.550.540.550.62Entire98,602196,6310.50Table specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI )From the graph, we can see that specific energy ingestion per ton ( EUI ) reaches the highest in December and lowest in March. The mean electricity ingestion is 0.50 MWh/ton.Specific steam ingest ionThe specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthSteam ( T )Production ( T )EUI ( t/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec26,07426,27026,02327,02927,14227,02424,65828,11127,24728,35322,33325,93516,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,7951.621.631.631.661.601.581.461.681.821.651.421.54Entire316,199196,6311.61Table specific steam ingestion per ton ( EUI )Specific steam ingestionFrom the graph, we can see that specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in family and lowest in November. The mean electricity ingestion is 1.61 t/t.The specific H2O ingestion for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthWater ( M3 )Production ( T )Spec. Water Consumption ( m3/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec18,225716,672717,775217,706117,975218,544520,653219,766719,410220,014818,255819,723116,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,79511 .3510.3711.1410.8910.6210.8612.1911.8512.9711.6711.6011.74Entire2,247,232196,63111.43Table specific H2O ingestion.From the graph, we can see that specific H2O ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in September and lowest in February. The mean electricity ingestion is 11.43 m3/t.Energy and Utilities ConsumptionThe major energy consumed in their works is light fuel oil ( LFO ) , electricity and diesel oil. Electricity is utilised chiefly for its procedure machine such as corrugator, publishing machines, sewing machine, compressor, fan and office. LFO is used by boiler to bring forth steam while Diesel is chiefly used for vehicles. The entire energy and public-service corporations ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown in table below.NoItemUnit of measurement meterCost th.RM1234LFODieselElectricityWaterSumth.ltrth.ltrMWhM3th.RM1,4851023,29424,34698064605361,685Chart one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2002 )From the pie chart, we can see that LFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Ornapaper. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost.Electricity indebtednessThe site belongs to TNB s duty codification E2 Medium Voltage Peak / Off-peak Industrial Tariff. Table below shows the duty rate.ItemUnit of measurementRateElectrical energyDuty codificationOn peak period rateOff peak period rateMaximal demand for each KWhRM/KWhRM/KWhRM/monthE20.2080.12821.70Electricity ingestionTable below shows the monthly electricity ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2002.Calendar monthOn-peak ( KWh )Off-peak ( KWh )Entire ( KWh )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire198,000195,860200,350218,840209,570209,570210,520215,850215,380202,780212,690186,1302,475,540100,27085,040111,930111,460112,460112,46073,46084,72078,26073,06061,25062,6401,067,010298,270280,900312,280330,300322,030322,030283,980300,570293,640275,840273,940248,7703,542,550Annually cost ( th.RM/yr )515137651Average monetary value ( RM/KWh ) 0.184Gr aph Electricity Consumption ( 2002 )From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in April and the lowest is in December. The peak clip is about same throughout the twelvemonth but the off extremum is reduced towards the terminal of the twelvemonth.Fuel ingestion unprovoked Fuel Oil ( LFO ) and Diesel are used at Ornapaper. As reference before, LFO is used for boiler to bring forth steam and Diesel is used for vehicle. Table below shows the fuel ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002.NoFuelUnit of measurementFigureEntire cost ( th.RM )11.11.2Liquid fuelLFODieselltrltr1,621,280101919107064Entire Cost1134Specific Energy Consumption ( 2002 )Calendar monthElectricity ( KWh )LFO ( ltr )Production ( metric tons )Specific Energy ConsumptionElectricity ( Kwh/tonnes )LFO ( GJ/tonnes )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec298,270280,900312,280330,300322,030322,030283,980300,570293,640275,840273,940248,77099,65571,182160,52793,764239,073130,255145,800149,23687,873164,152143 ,427136,3374,2342,9764,0543,9464,2563,8183,3753,1573,1903,5713,6593,52070.494.477.083.775.784.484.195.292.177.274.970.70.850.861.430.862.031.231.561.711.001.661.421.40Entire3,542,5501,621,28043,75681.61.33Graph specific energy ingestion ( electricity )From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in February and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is cut down from October to January. Therefore, it is chances to cut down the electricity ingestion.Graph specific energy ingestion ( LFO )From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in May and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is about same from January to February. Therefore, it is chances to cut down theLFO ingestion and step energy salvaging for the boiler.Water ConsumptionWater is used for boiler to bring forth steam and for publishing procedure at the Ornapaper. The H2O ingestion for Ornapaper in the twelvemonth 2002 is given in table below.Calendar monthFigure ( M3 )Entire Cost ( th.RM )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire1,4801,5812,4861,9942,3492,3312,2451,9861,1711,1941,6763,26523,7582,175.602,324.073,654.422,931.183,453.033,426.573,300.152,919.421,721.371,755.182,463.724,799.5534,924.26Graph H2O consumotion and cost ( 2002 )From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in December and the lowest is in September. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost.